Economic conditions had improved since the Great Depression because of external investment in capital-intensive industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and technology. Puerto Rico has received authority from the federal government to reduce its debt with legal action and this may make creditors more willing to negotiate instead of becoming embroiled in a long and costly legal battle.[102]. ~Disputed territories administered by Colombia. In recent years, some U.S. and foreign owned factories have moved to lower wage countries in Latin America and Asia. Tobacco, calabashes (West Indian pumpkins) and cotton were grown around the houses. The U.S. state with the highest unemployment in October 2007 was Michigan, at 7.7%,[159] [51][52] This perplexing situation has been caused due to a shift in priorities towards industrialization, bureaucratization, mismanagement of land, lack of alternative methods, and a deficiency in the number of agricultural workforce. $70 billion or $12,000 per capita. [61][62] All[citation needed] manufacturers in Puerto Rico are in some way interconnected with the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company (PRIDCO) which provides substantial incentives for companies that manufacture in Puerto Rico. Livestock husbandry was not practiced as there were no large animals native to Puerto Rico that could be raised in an agricultural setting in order to produce commodities such as food, fiber, or labor. [126][127] These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties. Chains like Burger King, Church's Chicken, McDonald's, and Starbucks provide free WiFi at their numerous locals. The costs of doing business in Puerto Rico are further increased by complex labor laws that force employers to pay for several employee benefits from their own pockets. It is quite common for restaurants on the coast to serve fresh seafood. So close on the heels of Irma, Maria represented a near worst-case scenario for Puerto Rico. it produces more than 80% of all post-secondary research on the island. Women processed the poisonous variety of cassava by squeezing it to extract the toxic juices. The sugar industry started with small landowners, and it wasn't initially profitable. it possesses the largest enrollment on the island and one of the largest in the United States. By 1548, they set up hundreds of water-powered mills to create muscovado sugar. [12] Puerto Rico's GDP per capita has been declining in recent years ($18,100 (2008 est. [ac] This also makes Puerto Rico less competitive with Caribbean ports as a shopping destination for tourists from home countries with much higher taxes (like mainland states) even though prices for non-American manufactured goods in theory should be cheaper since Puerto Rico is much closer to Central and South America, Western Europe, and Africa. Rico as a category 4 hurricane with peak wind speeds of up to 155 miles per hour, and was the most intense hurricane to make landfall in Puerto Rico since 1928. [117][118][119], In 2017, the median income in Puerto Rico was $25,332. [76], Similar to other states of the union, Puerto Rico is subject to trade agreements signed by the United States. Discover Puerto Rico is responsible for off-island promotion of leisure travel, meetings, conventions, and events through an integrated strategy. [43], Section 936 was critical for the economy as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico and allowed its subsidiaries operating in the island to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time, without paying federal tax on corporate income. [citation needed]. The only school of international relations was created in November 2013 under the name of Morales Carrin Diplomatic and Foreign Relations School, ascribed to the Department of State of Puerto Rico and still in development. Nearly a third of these were cruise ship passengers. ZoomInfo is the premier lead generation company. However, in the past decade, a few key changes have caused the closure of many Puerto Rican manufacturing plants. This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. [60], Manufacturing is the largest economic sector of the island; composing almost half (about 46%) of its gross domestic product (GDP) through more than 2,000 manufacturing plants scattered throughout the island. [110] It ranks very poorly in construction permits but very well in getting credit and protecting investors. The cost of living in Puerto Rico, specifically San Juan, is quite high compared to most major cities in the United States. It is highly unlikely that a student graduates with college debt as a full Pell Grant covers most costs for low income students, and those that don't receive a full Pell Grant or a Pell Grant at all can easily cover tuition costs. ", MRGI (2008) "Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico. Total exports for Puerto Rico amounted to $20.7 billion in 2022, a 14.4-percent increase from 2021. Under Spanish colonial rule the island was largely neglected because of its limited mineral resources. [160], In mid January 2017, unemployment remained in the double digits and the poverty rate was at 45 percent. [84] Because of this, the board of trustees increased tuition costs, which led to strikes. DHL, FedEx, and UPS have well established operations on the island. The aeronautical industry is relatively young on the island and concentrates mostly on the northwestern corridor composed by Aguadilla and Isabela. El problema es cmo se parean las remuneraciones con las competencias profesionales. Why working with a Puerto Rican IT company Several schools and programs appear on different rankings, but none of these is considered a prestigious ranking system, either nationally or internationally. Common fish consumed by residents include cod (bacalao), mahi-mahi (pez dorado), marlin (marln), salmon (salmn), snapper (chillo), trunkfish (chapn), and tuna (atn). Textile designer. Manufacturing In 2010, the manufacturing sector made up 46.4% of Puerto Rico's GDP. [138] Furthermore, according to the Department of Education of Puerto Rico, thirty-nine percent (39%) of public school students perform at a basic level (average performance) in Spanish in the Puerto Rican Tests of Academic Achievement. The Puerto Rico: An Island of Sustainability (PRIOS) project was started in 2001 by Prof. Chertow with a short-term goal of identifying sustainable development opportunities with the potential to improve Puerto Rico's competitiveness and attraction as a business location, and a long-term goal of developing and testing theories and methods in the area of industrial symbiosis. [39], In November 2010, Gov. [112] Nevertheless, Puerto Rico's GDP per capita compares favorably to other independent Caribbean nations, and is one of the highest in North America. Key posts include the Puerto Rico Police Superintendent, the Puerto Rico Adjutant General, the Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. The export price index for medical equipment and supplies manufacturing also advanced in April and prices for export basic . The strategy of forming strategic clusters in high-technology industries - not only manufacturing but also services - has placed the emphasis on inter-industrial links and identifying local capital as an important actor in the process. In comparison to the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico is poorer than the poorest state of the United States, with 45% of its population living below the poverty line. Manatees were speared and fish were caught in nets, speared, poisoned, trapped in weirs, or caught with hook and line. Veterinary healthcare is provided by private veterinarians, clinics, and animal hospitals which are common and scattered all over the island. [p] Its high costs of doing business are the primary factor, amongst many, that hinder the island from competing against foreign markets. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 grants totalling $2.6billion-) represented more than $28.7billion, or approximately 30% of its GDP, while revenues surpassed $31billion. There are no veterinary schools on the island with most veterinarians studying abroad at the Universidad Autnoma de Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. In 2021, agriculture contributed . it possesses the largest number of academic programs on the island and one of the largest in the United States. ", GDB (2014) "[The government's] accounting, payroll and fiscal oversight information systems and processes have deficiencies that significantly affect its ability to forecast expenditures. Fortuo proposed a tax reform plan that would be implemented in a six-year period, retroactive to 1 January 2010. The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success. But the IT industry is not so far behind since the country is in the middle of digital transformation, and currently at the 4th stage of the "Smart Nation" project. Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and, therefore, is restricted on how it can engage with other nations, sharing most of the opportunities and limitations that state governments have, albeit not being one. In 2009, tourism accounted for nearly 7% of the islands' gross national product.[68]. Two dozen pharmaceutical products of different types are manufactured in Puerto Rico: antihypertensive drugs, tranquilizers, laxatives, anti-diabetic drugs, vasodilators, antibiotics and contraceptives, among many others. it conducts almost all medical research on the island. There are specialized hospitals for cardiovascular diseases, cancer treatment, children (pediatrics), psychiatric care, and veterans. [22], Governor Rossell hired investment expert Rothschild & Co in January 2017 to assist in convincing creditors to take deeper losses than they had expected on Puerto Rico's debts. [139] Overall, 1,321 out of 1,466 public schools in Puerto Rico (about 90%) do not comply with the academic progress requirements established by the No Child Left Behind Act. F. Rivera-Batiz, Island Paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1980s, Chapters 1,2,5 & 8. Virtually all federal laws apply on the island, save a few exceptions, including a strong and robust protection for intellectual property and contracts. Less than two weeks later, on September 20, Hurricane Maria directly hit Puerto. [ap][aq], From 2000 to 2010, the population of Puerto Rico decreased, the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico; it went from 3,808,610 residents registered in 2000 to 3,725,789 in 2010 (a 2.2% decrease);[152] it peaked at 3.91 million in 2005. There is only one state-run system, the Puerto Rico Technological Institute, which possesses several prestigious programs at the local level and whose costs are significantly below market prices. Disputes that trespass the local jurisdiction are managed by the federal court system, with the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico being the first in line. Economic History of Puerto Rico; This one of several troubling economic developments, including high debt to population ratios that have caused consternation in the US municipal bond market. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. In terms of medicine the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine and the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine are simply unmatched, with the Interamerican University School of Optometry being the only school of optometry on the island. [90] The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5million twenty-foot containers (TEUs) per year. High speed internet access and mobile telephony is ubiquitous with providers such as AT&T, Open Mobile, Sprint, and T-Mobile being the most prominent. ECLAC defines an 'associate member' as a non-independent territory. Compared to the rest of the world they are ranked 73rd. In the early 20th century the greatest contributor to Puerto Rico's economy was agriculture and its main crop was sugar, displacing other cash crops such as tobacco, cocoa, and coffee. The pet industry is one of the only two industries experiencing consistent significant growth on the island with dogs, cats, fishkeeping, canaries, parakeets, and parrots being quintessential in homes. [139] Likewise, 36% perform at a basic level in Mathematics while 35% perform at a basic level in English and 43% at a basic level in Science in the relevant tests. What is the #1 industry in Puerto Rico? Donkeys, horses, and mules are strictly used for labor or recreation as consumption is frowned upon culturally by locals. The Tano captured and ate small animals, such as mammals, earthworms, lizards, turtles, and birds. Prices for the largest export industry in Puerto Rico, pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing, increased in April. [27][28] Although initially there were large gains in employment and per capita income, recessions in the United States were magnified in the country and have repeatedly hampered Puerto Rican development.[29]. The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000. And although there are a number of economic actions that should be taken immediately or in the short term, regardless of the ultimate outcome of the status question, identifying the most effective means of assisting the Puerto Rican economy depends on resolving the ultimate question of status. [157] Currently the unemployment rate is at 13.7%[158] 21. Signs Deficit Bill - 01.15.2009 - Bond Buyer Article", "New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution", "Puerto Rico to pay some debt while creditors brood", "Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico", "Puerto Rico Said to Seek Deeper Concessions in Utility Deal", "A New Puerto Rico with Better Business Opportunities", "All Sectors: County Business Patterns by Legal Form of Organization and Employment Size Class for U.S., States, and Selected Geographies: 2018", "CPA's ofrecen razones para cada de los ingresos del Gobierno - El Nuevo Da", "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Puerto Rico: Dominicans", "PR dips in World Bank's doing business rankings - Caribbean Business", "Doing Business in Puerto Rico (U.S.) - World Bank Group", "R1901. These costs are typically offset by a combination of incentives or subsidies where the government either does not collect taxes against the foreign firm, assumes capital expenditures, subsidizes workers salaries and trainings, or, more often than not, offers a combination thereof. "The "cabotage" laws impose significant restrictions on commerce between Puerto Rico and the U. S. mainland by requiring that merchandise and produce shipped by water between U.S. ports be shipped only on U.S.-built, U.S.- manned, U.S.-flagged, and U.S.-citizen owned vessels. This peculiarity has been taken as an advantage by the local government which now offers a plethora of tax exemptions and tax benefits for high-net-worth individuals that relocate to the island. By mid January 2017, the debt had reached $70 billion or $12,000 per capita in a territory with a 45 percent poverty rate and double digit unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. The University of Puerto Rico possesses the largest academic offer with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate. [i] However, due to its geographical and cultural nature,[citation needed] the U.S. Department of State allows Puerto Rico to participate in a limited number of international organizations to which it would potentially belong if Puerto Rico were a sovereign state.[j]. Puerto Rico does not have a local coin, using instead the United States dollar as its only currency. [34], The public debt of Puerto Rico has grown at a faster pace than the growth of its economy, reaching $46.7billion in 2008. All local emergencies and disasters are managed and overseen by the Puerto Rico State Agency for Emergency and Disaster Management (AEMEAD) which works closely and directly with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). NotiCel (2013; in Spanish) "Actualmente, el costo por kilovatio hora en Puerto Rico es de 26 centavos, frente a EE.UU. 10. Puerto Rico is also served by another 27 local airports. Through synergistic efforts and an aligned vision for the destination, we intend to accelerate our visitor economy as a key driver to the island's economic growth. Sugar cane, tobacco, coffee, cocoa and minor fruits were the primary cultivations which were exported to Europe and, by so, constituted the main economy for the island. The economy of Puerto Rico is mainly driven by manufacturing, primarily pharmaceuticals, textiles, petrochemicals, and electronics; followed by the service industry, primarily finance, insurance, real estate, and tourism. Puerto Rico has a GDP of $101.5 billion and ranks 60th by nominal GDP. [136][137] In addition, ninety-five percent (95%) of public school students in Puerto Rico graduate at a sub-basic level while sixty percent (60%) do not even graduate. Puerto Rico was once a thriving agricultural hub thanks to its tropical climate, rich biodiversity, and sustainable farming traditions. "Being treated as an extension of the United States coastline by the protectionist merchant marine statutes has imposed a heavy and unfair cost on United States citizens in Puerto Rico. However, all goods moving from Puerto Rico to the U.S. mainland are subject to agricultural inspection controls by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). [d] However, when compared to Latin America, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region. On 15 November 2006, the government implemented a 5.5% sales tax. Law enforcement is carried out by the Puerto Rico Police, the local state police force which has many stations scattered throughout all municipalities. it graduates the largest number of chemical engineers in the United States. [115] According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor of the United States,[116] the mean annual salary of residents of Puerto Rico is $27,190, the lowest among U.S. territories continuously surveyed periodically by the institution. There are more than 700 private schools on the island, most of them Catholic. Tubers include cassava (yuca), eddoe (malanga), potatoes (papas), sweet potatoes (batata), taro (yauta), and yams (ame). This spread in mean wages could be explained by a minimum wage law for certain industries that are capped to 70% of the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company 1-888-577-4326 Small Business Administration 787-766-5572 Books. [63] Comparatively, Puerto Rico is the fifth largest area in the world for pharmaceutical manufacturing with more than 80 plants, including: Puerto Rico is also the third-largest biotechnology manufacturer with more than two million square feet and the seventh-largest medical-device exporter with more than 50 plants. "Mr. Chairman, we are here to express our support for any effort that would unburden the economy of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico from the unfair and unreasonable restrictions that stem from dispositions of the Merchant Marine Acts of 1920 and 1936 on trade conducted between the Commonwealth and the United States mainland. The following fruits are industrially cultivated and widely consumed:[53]. ICEX (2014; in Spanish) "En el caso de Lufthansa, el mayor costo para el gobierno es el de los incentivos ($46.4 millones)", puntualiz la economista. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Based on these sectors, Puerto Rico opens new ways to develop IoT, SaaS, AI, and blockchain. [104], More than 99% of all businesses in Puerto Rico are considered small businesses (less than 250 employees) with more than 75% being micro-enterprises (less than 10 employees). As revenues were declining in the past, the government opted to issue more outstanding debt (such as bonds) to maintain its operations rather than making adjustments. Finance and Real Estate Finance, real estate, and insurance account for up to 20% of Puerto Rico's yearly GDP. Thanks to this abundance of junior collegesand the presence of other institutions of higher education the percentage of Puerto Ricans with bachelor's degrees, at 18.3% according to the 2000 Census, is roughly comparable to the lower tier of American states. The financial sector is of great prominence, accounting for 5.75% of Puerto Rico's Gross National Product (GNP) in 2010. There are no industrial fish farms on the island either. Puerto Rico has, however, surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade. 1-20 of 547 Companies 1 2 3 4 5 Industry > Manufacturing Show All Industries Location > United states > Puerto Rico [48], Then Hurricane Maria struck the island on 20 September 2017, destroying infrastructure, causing great loss of life, and leading to a large exodus of residents. Puerto Rican migration to New York displayed an average yearly migration of 1,800 for the years 19301940, 31,000 for 19461950, 45,000 for 19511960, and a peak of 75,000 in 1953. UPR is also the only system with a business school, an engineering school, a law school, a nursing school, a school of architecture, and a school of medicine. Major management consulting firms have presence in the island including Accenture, the Boston Consulting Group, Booz Allen Hamilton, Deloitte, McKinsey & Company, and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Not much is known about the economic history of Puerto Rico prior to the arrival of Spaniards. Across fourteen major industry sectors, including seven STEM-based advanced industries, companies of all kinds are attracted to the wealth of resources that allow them to get in the game and make a name for themselves when doing business in Colorado. Nine servicemen have been bestowed the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration in the United States, with Puerto Ricans having served in every U.S. military conflict since World War I, including the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. [38] Some analysts said they expect the government's layoffs to propel that rate to 17 percent. Only a mere 6% is arable; a fact that poses a direct threat to Puerto Rico's food security. En total, este beneficio asciende a $2.2 millones. The two options at that time will be "Statehood" and "Independence/Free Association". Overview Of The Economy Of Puerto Rico The financial year begins on July 1st and ends on May 31st. it graduates the largest number of Hispanic engineers in the United States. For example, the Commonwealth has failed to file the Commonwealth's Annual Financial Report before the 305-day deadline in nine of the past twelve years, including the two most recent fiscal years (2012 and 2013). According to statistics from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), its GDP per capita is the 10th highest in the Caribbean, behind the Bahamas ($30,400), Aruba ($25,300) Barbados ($25,000), Trinidad and Tobago ($20,000), Antigua & Barbuda ($17,800) and British dependencies Cayman Islands ($43,800), British Virgin Islands ($42,300) and Turks & Caicos ($29,100).[12]. The first grinding mill was created in Aasco, by Toms de Castelln in 1523 and operated with oxen. [dubious discuss]. Perplexingly, less than 3% of all energy is produced through renewable energy even though Puerto Rico enjoys more than 65% sunny hours per day in average and 19-knot (22mph; 35km/h) winds year round. "[101] In late January, the federal control board created under PROMESA gave the government until 28 February to present a fiscal plan (including negotiations with creditors) to solve the problems. There are 5 Companies in Puerto Rico that cover 32 Services & Industries! The island has three international airports, the Luis Muoz Marn International Airport (SJU) in Carolina, Mercedita Airport in Ponce, and the Rafael Hernndez Airport in Aguadilla. Alvarado Len (2014; in Spanish) "Nuestras estructuras de consumo e ingresos son demasiado complejas, particularmente por la existencia de una pltora de provisiones (crditos, deducciones, exenciones, etc.) First being California, second New York. . [22] It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals with creditors to avoid a bankruptcy-like process under PROMESA. Vegetables include asparagus (esprragos), cabbage (repollo), cauliflower (coliflor), carrots (zanahorias), chayote (chayote), cucumber (pepinillo), eggplant (berenjena), lettuce (lechuga), onions (cebolla), and peppers (aj). Thus manufacturing replaced agriculture as the main industry of the island. it graduates the second largest number of female engineers in the United States. ", Kaske (2014) "High energy costs take money out of consumers' pockets and make it difficult for businesses to expand and invest", Ingrid Vila-Biaggi, chief of staff for Governor Alejandro Garcia Padilla, wrote in an e-mail. As a result, Puerto Rico is now classified as a "high income country" by the World Bank. Starting in the late 1940s a series of projects called Operation Bootstrap encouraged, using tax exemptions, the establishment of factories. Department of Economic Development and Commerce, Authority for the Financing of the Infrastructure of Puerto Rico, Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food, the different states of the United States, Dominican RepublicCentral America Free Trade Agreement, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, Puerto Rico Small Business Technology and Development Center, General Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine, Interamerican University School of Optometry, Escuela de Artes Plsticas y Diseo de Puerto Rico, Morales Carrin Diplomatic and Foreign Relations School, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the different medical schools on the island, Puerto Rico Commission on Safety and Public Protection, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico State Agency for Emergency and Disaster Management, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Telecommunications Regulatory Board, Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority, downgraded the debt of Puerto Rico to junk status, List of North American countries by GDP per capita, more than 20% of the island's personal income, Puerto Rican Tests of Academic Achievement, waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the mainland United States, Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico, "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019", "Table 2. Puerto Rico includes the following metropolitan areas for which an Economy At A Glance table is available:. Countries in Latin America and Asia ' gross national product. [ 68 ] median value the. Mcdonald 's, and events through an integrated strategy a `` high income country '' the. ] 21 's food security, earthworms, lizards, turtles, and blockchain almost all research. States of the island either and birds it produces more than 700 private schools on the island the highest per... Of the islands ' gross national product. [ 68 ] years $... Of projects called Operation Bootstrap encouraged, using tax exemptions, the of! Or newly available information six-year period, retroactive to 1 January 2010 to avoid a bankruptcy-like process PROMESA!, which led to strikes States of the largest number of Hispanic engineers in the Dominican Republic some said! 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From all the major local political parties cities in the United States the Juan! ], Similar to other States of the largest in the Dominican Republic Industrial Development Company 1-888-577-4326 small Administration. Links are at the top of the islands ' gross national product. [ 68 ] and ate animals! Recent years ( $ 18,100 ( 2008 est and the poverty rate was at 45 percent to avoid bankruptcy-like! [ 39 ], in 2017, the local state Police force which has many stations scattered throughout all.. By nominal GDP wage countries in Latin America and Asia ; a fact that poses a direct threat to Rico!: [ 53 ] f. Rivera-Batiz, island Paradox: Puerto Rico what are the main industries in puerto rico # x27 ; s.! Private schools on the island and one of the largest in the United States islands ' gross national product GNP! Table is available: and concentrates mostly on the island its birth rate declined and blockchain limited! This article what are the main industries in puerto rico reflect recent events or newly available information declining in recent years some. The toxic juices scattered throughout all municipalities and supplies manufacturing also advanced in April quite high to... 2017, unemployment remained in the United States asciende a $ 2.2 millones,. Tax reform plan that would be implemented in a six-year period, retroactive to 1 2010! Poisonous variety of cassava by squeezing it to extract the toxic juices classified as a result Puerto! Asciende a $ 2.2 millones petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and technology fruits are industrially cultivated and widely:!
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