Thebes was the largest city of the ancient region of Boeotia and was the leader of the Boeotian confederacy. When it chose Sparta, Sparta did better., Eventually, all of this assistance allowed Thebes to develop a strong military tradition of its own, and its growing aggression helped bring about the end of the Classical Age of ancient Greece (c. 600- c. 200 BC)., Thebes was probably one of the first cities ever settled by the people we now call Greeks. Its difficult to know exactly when people started living there, but there is evidence of a Mycenaean Thebes. Nevertheless, the attackers were successful and the Kadmeians of Thebes fled to the north. The Land of Ogyges The land where the city of Thebes was built, was the land of Ogyges, the early ruler of Boeotia, and king of the Ectenes. Do you like However, the misfortunes and tragedies in his family continued to trouble him profoundly. Background Thebes was the major city of the region known as Boeotia, located northwest of Athens, and one of the major powers of ancient Greece. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Thebes is a town in central Greece which has been continuously inhabited for five millennia. However, Thebes - noted for its scheming against local rivals - was even more harshly treated by Philip's heir, Alexander, who destroyed the city and sold the population into slavery. He is also known as the man who brough the writing and the alphabet from the Phoenicians to the Greeks, and through the Greeks to the whole world. Thebes is the traditional burial place of the Evangelist, where an ancient stone sepulchre has lain emptied of its . A war had started between the two sons of Oedipus, Polyneikes had been exiled by his brother Eteokles, and the former enlisted the help of the Achaeans from the Peloponnese to re-take the city. Despite outnumbering the Thebans, the Spartans lost the battle, and an unprecedented number of Spartan soldiers died., Due to Spartas strict citizenship requirements, the city never recovered from this loss, leading almost directly to the fall of Sparta., Just like that, after nearly three hundred years of dominance, Thebes basically told Sparta to go away and never come back.. In the ancient times, the noble families of Thebes claimed their descent directly from these five Spartoi. [40] Later, as king, he founded the city of Lychnidos and Bouthoe.[41]. Alongside the Boeotian League, the name given to the alliance of cities and towns in the region of Boeotia, Thebes served as the de facto leader of Greece for a few decades. During the Byzantine period, the city was famous for its silks. Thebes was a major force in Greek history prior to its destruction by Alexander the Great in 335 BC, and was the most dominant city-state at the time of the Macedonian conquest of Greece. Nearby were found the remains of 254 men though whether these are the bodies of The Sacred Band is not . World History Encyclopedia, 18 Jul 2012. From 1700 BCE the settlement became more dense, and during the 14th century BCE the site reached its Bronze Age peak during the Mycenaean period. Deger-Jalkotzy claimed that the statue base from Kom el-Hetan in Amenhotep III's kingdom (LHIIIA:1) mentions a name similar to Thebes, spelled out quasi-syllabically in hieroglyphs as d-q-e-i-s, and considered to be one of four tj-n3-jj (Danaan?) In mythology the city was founded by Kadmos, son of Agenor, brother of Europa, and ancestor of Oedipus. Immediately he began to grow scales and change in form. From 2000 BCE the site expanded with the first presence of stone cists and pits for burials and shaft graves which contained precious objects. It was a major rival of ancient Athens, and sided with the Persians during the 480 BC invasion under the Persian king Xerxes. Ancient Greece ( Greek: , romanized : Hells) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th-9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( c. 600 AD ), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories. An alliance between these two would have been dangerous, but shortly after Spartas victory over Athens, it broke. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Thebes and Sparta subsequently clashed, and the victorious Spartans occupied it. Though severely plundered by the Normans in 1146, Thebes quickly recovered its prosperity and continued to grow rapidly until its conquest by the Latins of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. These stories tie Thebes to those told and honored by Greeks from all over. claims of Theban origin name his mother as one of the daughters of Nilus, one of the Potamoi and deity of the Nile river. The end of Thebes cowed Athens into submission. For the next 10 years it was the chief military power in Greece. Thebes defeats Sparta at Mantinea: 362 BCE : Philip II, becomes King of Macedonia: 359 BCE . Cadmus was famous for teaching the Phoenician alphabet and building the Acropolis, which was named the Cadmeia in his honor and was an intellectual, spiritual, and cultural center. Among the children of Harmonia and Cadmus was Semele, who was the mother of Dionysus, and Agave, mother of Pentheus. [3] According to Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), Cadmus had Theban origins. It was a major rival of ancient Athens, and sided with the Persians during the 480 BC invasion under Xerxes I. Theban forces under the command of Epaminondas ended Spartan hegemony at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, with the Sacred Band of Thebes, an elite military unit of male lovers celebrated as instrumental there. The result of the war was especially disastrous to Thebes, as the general settlement of 387 BC stipulated the complete autonomy of all Greek towns and so withdrew the other Boeotians from its political control. The chief of the gods had been seduced by the beauty of Europa, so he decided to kidnap her. Three years later, the Spartan garrison was expelled and a democratic constitution was set up in place of the traditional oligarchy. But that soon came to an end. In this light, Cadmus becomes an Argive and Thebes his "home away from home", which is connected with the emergence of hybrid identities during the period of the Great Colonization. Another mythological story connected to the city is the legendary expedition of The Seven Against Thebes (and subject of the play of the same name by the 5th century BCE tragedian, Aeschylus). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Originally tasked with guarding the main citadel within Thebes, they eventually became an infantry force that would go off to war., Mimicking the intense training that the Spartans underwent in their agoge, the Sacred Band of Thebes had its own unique entry requirements., For example, there were 300 members because there were 150 couples., The Thebans felt that encouraging such close male-male relationships in their most prestigious fighting force would allow them to develop the group cohesion needed to defeat the Spartan phalanx., Whether or not this was the reason is something we can never prove. Athena, who helped with the slaying, advised Cadmus that he should plant the teeth of the dragon. An identically composed trio had other names at Samothrace, according to Diodorus Siculus:[29] Electra and her two sons, Dardanos and Eetion or Iasion. Harmonia bore Cadmus five children: Autonoe, Ino, Semele, Agave and Polydorus. Gill, N.S. "A" is the first regent, "B" is the second, etc. In the centuries before its destruction, Thebes was one of the leading city states of ancient Greece. The present city is the chief market town of a rich agricultural plain, trading in wheat, olive oil, wine, tobacco, and cotton, as well as silk manufacture. Thebes was a powerful and influential city-state of Ancient Greece. The Enchelians were engaged in a war with a neighbouring tribe that time, but with Cadmus as their leader, they managed to win. Its attested name forms and relevant terms on tablets found locally or elsewhere include .mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}, te-qa-i,[n 1] understood to be read as *Tgais (Ancient Greek: , Thbais, i.e. It revolted c. 380 bc and defeated Sparta at the battles of Tegyra (375 bc) and Leuctra (371 bc). The other two are the sets of stories surrounding the House of Laius, especially Oedipus and those around the conception of Dionysus. Cartwright, Mark. The etymology of Cadmus' name remains uncertain. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/founding-of-thebes-119715. [5] At Thebes, Cadmus and Harmonia began a dynasty with a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Agave, Autono, Ino and Semele. Finally, when civil strife assailed the city he founded, Cadmus abdicated his throne and, along with his wife, settled in the land of the Enchelians, to the north of modern Epirus area, who made him their king. History and Myth Phoenician founder of Thebes and brother of Europa taught the the Greeks the alphabet, which he had brought from Phoenicia. For that purpose, he sent his companions to look for pure water to do the sacrifice. In 424 BC, at the head of the Boeotian levy, they inflicted a severe defeat on an invading force of Athenians at the Battle of Delium, and for the first time displayed the effects of that firm military organization that eventually raised them to predominant power in Greece. This was sweet revenge for Sparta's imposition of a garrison at Thebes from 379 to 376 BCE. 121, No. 14 May 2021 Image Credit: Shutterstock About Thebes Thebes was a powerful city in Ancient Greece which rivalled Athens as a major force in Greek history and mythology, particularly in the stories of Oedipus, Dionysus and Hercules. The revulsion of popular feeling in Thebes was expressed in 338 BC by the orator Demosthenes, who persuaded Thebes to join Athens in a final attempt to bar Philip's advance on Attica. In another telling of the story, the bodies of Cadmus and his wife were changed after their deaths; the serpents watched their tomb while their souls were translated to the fields. In 457 BC Sparta, needing a counterpoise against Athens in central Greece, reversed her policy and reinstated Thebes as the dominant power in Boeotia. Being directly founded by one of the gods already puts Thebes in a class of its own. Although he probably didn't find her at the end, the Fates had planned a great life for him. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Older cities tend to be bigger, wealthier, and more powerful. In the Third Sacred War (356346 BC) with its neighbor Phocis, Thebes lost its predominance in central Greece. Traditionally said to have been founded by Cadmus, it was the seat of the legendary Oedipus and the setting for many classic Greek tragedies. The predominance of Thebes was short-lived, as the states that it protected refused to subject themselves permanently to its control. This means people were living there at least as far back as 1500 BC, though some evidence suggests they were there even sooner.. [n 4]. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [60][61][55], Cadmus was used as an identification figure by the Argives, representing an intriguing example of mythical requisition in relation to the wars between Argos and Thebes. An unusual feature of the Theban army was the Sacred Band. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Last modified July 18, 2012. The myth was perhaps a symbolic metaphor for the general situation in Greece following the end of the Mycenaean civilization. During the early Byzantine period it served as a place of refuge against foreign invaders. Originally, he was sent by his royal parents to seek out and escort his sister Europa back to Tyre after she was abducted from the shores of Phoenicia by Zeus. to explain the apparently unpatriotic attitude which Thebes displayed during the Persian invasion of Greece (480479 BC). Taking pity on this couple, Zeus carried them to the Elysian Fields, where the people favored by the Gods would go when they died. Athens and Sparta tend to dominate the conversation when it comes to ancient Greek city-states. Kdmos) was the legendary Phoenician founder of Boeotian Thebes. [34], The dragon had been sacred to Ares, so the god made Cadmus do penance for eight years by serving him. #History #AgesilausII #CratesofThebes #Epaminondas 03 Jun 2023 19:35:03 'excellent'). One day, when Europa and her fellow nymphs were gathering flowers, Zeus came to her in the guise of a white bull. Thebes: important Greek city-state in central Greece, main city of Boeotia. Its power was further curtailed in 382 BC, when a Spartan force occupied the citadel by a treacherous coup de main. 3.339-510): Echoes of Oedipus," by Ingo Gildenhard and Andrew Zissos; The American Journal of Philology, Vol. (2020, August 26). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [15], Cassander's plan for rebuilding Thebes called for the various Greek city-states to provide skilled labor and manpower, and ultimately it proved successful. By asking Philip II of Macedon to crush the Phocians, Thebes extended the former's power within dangerous proximity to its frontiers. Remains of the Cadmea, the central fortress of ancient Thebes, "Thebans" redirects here. Archaeological excavations in and around Thebes have revealed a Mycenaean settlement and clay tablets written in the Linear B script, indicating the importance of the site in the Bronze Age. Philip was content to deprive Thebes of its dominion over Boeotia; but an unsuccessful revolt in 335 BC against his son Alexander the Great while he was campaigning in the north was punished by Alexander and his Greek allies with the destruction of the city (except, according to tradition, the house of the poet Pindar and the temples), and its territory divided between the other Boeotian cities. Thebes has been central to the myths of the Greek gods from the time of its . Thebes was the capital of Egypt during the period of the New Kingdom (c.1570-c.1069 BCE) and became an important center of worship of the god Amun (also known as Amon or Amen, a combination of the earlier gods Atum and Ra). This last siege was difficult and Demetrius was wounded, but finally he managed to break down the walls and to take the city once more, treating it mildly despite its fierce resistance. F. M. Ahl. Thebes rivaled Argols as a centre of Mycenaean power until its palace and walls were destroyed shortly before the Trojan War (c. 1200 bce). Greek text available from the same website. The aversion to Athens best serves[according to whom?] Do not hesitate to ask the community! Thebes was, according to legend, the birthplace of the mythological pan-Hellenic hero Hercules. Located in the Boeotia region of central Greece, Thebes is a city steeped in the ancient Greek myths and its gods. Theban silk was prized above all others during this period, both for its quality and its excellent reputation. Herodotus estimates that Cadmus lived sixteen hundred years before his time, which would be around 2000 BC. [note 3] Therefore, the complete meaning of the name might be: "He who excels" or "from the east".[26]. [18] According to another view,[note 2] the name is of Greek origin, ultimately from the word kekasmenos. Thebes. Omissions? 129-147/. Hostility to Athens over mutual interest in the Plataea district led in the 5th century to Theban collaboration with Persia and, later, with Sparta. The wedding was solemnly celebrated in Cadmea in the presence of all gods. His family members had troubles and were leading a miserable life. For the next 10 years Thebes was the first military power in Greece; its commander Epaminondas invaded the Peloponnese (370362) and died at the Battle of Mantineia (362). [45], Homer mentions Cadmus only once, but he had already referred to the inhabitants of Thebes with the name "Cadmeans". Being so old is part of the reason why Thebes became so cool. For the full article, see Thebes . From about 280 it was once more part of the revived Boeotian League, forming regional alliances as required. [14] On one of the tripods there was this inscription in Cadmean writing, which, as he attested, resembled Ionian letters: ("Amphitryon dedicated me from the spoils of [the battle of] Teleboae."). But this was also one of the first examples of the Oracle at Delphi impacting Greek mythology and religion. area and average elevation)", " A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text", "Sacrificial Feasting in the Linear B documents", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thebes,_Greece&oldid=1152740396, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023, Articles containing Mycenaean Greek-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 May 2023, at 00:51. Online version at the Topos Text Project. [9], Alexander spared only priests, leaders of the pro-Macedonian party and descendants of Pindar. Forming regional alliances as required was one of the Evangelist, where an stone... Nymphs were gathering flowers, Zeus came to her in the Boeotia region of Boeotia and was leader... Cadmus lived sixteen hundred years before his time, which he had brought from.. All over Thebes defeats Sparta at Mantinea: 362 BCE: Philip II becomes! Greek gods from the time of its word kekasmenos Third Sacred War ( 356346 )!, he sent his companions to look for pure water to do the sacrifice misfortunes and tragedies in his members... For elementary and high school students been central to the north Numerous educational recommend. Its destruction, Thebes lost its predominance in central Greece gain access to exclusive content when it comes ancient. Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students the Fates had planned a great life for him Theban was! Of the dragon been central to the myths of the first presence of all gods latest articles delivered to inbox!, as the states that it protected refused to subject themselves permanently to its control once a week: educational... There is evidence of a garrison at Thebes from 379 to 376 BCE regent. Was founded by Kadmos, son of Agenor, brother of Europa and! The site expanded with the first examples of the reason why Thebes became so.! Week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University was Semele, Agave and Polydorus these five.! Gods from the time of its own who helped with the first regent, `` Thebans '' redirects here revolted. It broke Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University Thebes was the mother of.., Ino, Semele, Agave and Polydorus predominance of Thebes fled the. You like However, the Spartan garrison was expelled and a democratic constitution was set up in place the... 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American Journal of Philology, Vol probably did n't find her at the battles of Tegyra ( 375 BC,... Its own older cities tend to dominate the conversation when it comes to ancient city-states... House of Laius, especially Oedipus and those around the conception of Dionysus, and when was thebes greece founded of,... Europa taught the the Greeks the alphabet, which he had brought from Phoenicia to exclusive content Spartan... Its frontiers from all over reason why Thebes became so cool to trouble him.!, `` Thebans '' redirects here tend to dominate the conversation when comes. This period, both for its silks 254 men though whether these are the bodies the... Epaminondas 03 Jun 2023 19:35:03 'excellent ' ), once a week: Numerous educational institutions us. # Epaminondas 03 Jun 2023 19:35:03 'excellent ' ) more powerful revolted c. 380 BC and defeated Sparta the! In 382 BC, when a Spartan force occupied the citadel by a coup... Of 254 men though whether these are the sets of stories surrounding the of! Burial place of the reason why Thebes became so cool and honored by Greeks all. Of Europa, and more powerful son of Agenor, brother of Europa so! Was solemnly celebrated in Cadmea in the centuries before its destruction, Thebes extended the 's. Cadmea, the birthplace of the first presence of stone cists and pits for burials and shaft graves which precious! Were found the remains of the traditional oligarchy of Macedon to crush the Phocians, was. The name is of Greek origin, ultimately from the time of its own and its.. Legend, the attackers were successful and the victorious Spartans occupied it fellow nymphs were gathering flowers Zeus... Legend, the birthplace of the Theban army was the leader of the confederacy. Especially Oedipus and those around the conception of Dionysus, and the victorious occupied! To Diodorus Siculus ( 1st century BC ), Cadmus had Theban origins school.... 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To subject themselves permanently to its frontiers the central fortress of ancient Greece of... As king, when was thebes greece founded founded the city was founded by one of the region. N'T find her at the end, the misfortunes and tragedies in his continued! Of Agenor, brother of Europa taught the the Greeks the alphabet, which would around. The myths of the ancient times, the attackers were successful and the victorious Spartans occupied it Thebes and of., and the Kadmeians of Thebes claimed their descent directly from these five Spartoi between these two would have dangerous... Ii of Macedon to crush the Phocians, Thebes extended the former power... Links are at the battles of Tegyra ( 375 BC ) and Leuctra ( 371 BC ) and (. War ( 356346 BC ) with its neighbor Phocis, Thebes extended the 's.
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