When the function is small its fine - but when you're trying to work out why something is broken and "Rest of Code" turns out to be non-trivial you can spend ages looking for why ret is. It comes up a lot in my experience, even with proper refactoring. If so, how many clients of 'DoStuff' ever call the function with a null 'foo'? If specified, a given value is returned to the function caller. Why might a civilisation of robots invent organic organisms like humans or cows? A return statement causes execution to leave the current function and resume at the point in the code immediately after where the function was called. In some languages, it is a better practice (C++) than in others (C). The return statement can be used in the following two ways. There is nothing extraordinary happening in the main() function, so we are only going to explain how factorial() function works. The point of not having multiple return statements is make debugging easier, a far second it is for readability. The author misread that earlier there was a default after only a few lines. Returning a Value from a Method Thank you for your valuable feedback! So if there is a void return type in the function definition, then there will be no return statement inside that function (generally). :)' --. Where there are several return statements, it may be the case that there are different objects in scope and so the list of destructors to call will be different. Know more about refer to the article How to return multiple values from a function in C or C++?. In a function that has no side-effects, there's no good reason to have more than a single return and you should write them in a functional style. They are code size, and compiler optimizations. That's how return works: it unilaterally stops the execution of the current function and continues in the calling function. An optimizing compiler would not produce any code at all ;-). Let's say the user entered 17 (value of variable n), then eligible_or_not() function is called, this function expects one argument of type int, which we have correctly supplied as n. The value of variable n is assigned to variable age . ), What causes you to believe that? Note: We can only return a single value from a function using return statement. type of the function in which it appears, the value is converted as if Ok Why was this voted down? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. A function defined with a return type of void doesn't return a value. If you find that your ifs and elses are far apart syntactically, you might want to break that down into smaller functions. You have to indent just about the entire freaking function, and good luck making sure all of your if/else conditions and braces are matched up properly. Having said that, I once had to work in a library where the coding standards imposed 'one return statement per function', and I found it pretty tough. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. How does return function return a value to If statement? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. The return statement is used when a function is ready to return a value to its caller. return returns from the current function; it's a language keyword like for or break. He believed in developing for the customers needs, but the manager believed in coding to "customer's requirement". What are the default values of static variables in C? Practice however, tends to suggest that a more pragmatic approach is needed. This article is being improved by another user right now. Difference Between malloc() and calloc() with Examples, Dynamic Memory Allocation in C using malloc(), calloc(), free() and realloc(). The return statement can be skipped only for void types. These objects are known as the function's return value.You can use them to perform further computation in your programs. When a function does not return anything, the void return type is used. a struct); in that case the compiler immediately performs a copy operation because the struct returned could have been a local (automatic) variable of the called function. "In general I try to have only a single exit point from a function" -- why? This is probably an unusual perspective, but I think that anyone who believes that multiple return statements are to be favoured has never had to use a debugger on a microprocessor that supports only 4 hardware breakpoints. What 'specific legal meaning' does the word "strike" have? +1 for the nuance of "minimize" but not prohibit multiple returns. a destructor, or. All browser compatibility updates at a glance, Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus. What is happening in this C code when return is called? How many numbers can I generate and be 90% sure that there are no duplicates? The actual return address stored depends on the processor. Practice. All I'm asking is, in simple English, what does the return 0 actually do? "This works well if you follow his other advice and write small functions." As for readability the 2 shown functions do not behave the same. ;-). No line terminator is allowed between the return keyword and the expression. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Then update expression i-- is executed. Find Roman numerals up to 100 that do not contain I". -- No, quite the opposite. (atleast the more common single exit variation with a result variable is, so I doubt the multi exit variation would be any more difficult.) Return Statement vs Exit() in main() in C++. Doesn't C++ have exceptions? How to Return a Local Array From a C++ Function? Therefore, use as many returns as suits your artistic sensibilities, because it is a layout and readability issue, not a technical one. If you want a real headache, look at a combination of if-else and while loops (controlled by local booleans), where result variables are set, leading to a final exit point at the end of the method. A few are mentioned below: 1. The function keeps on executing until it reaches a return statement. There's no hard and fast rule that applies to every language. 6 Answers Sorted by: 47 return from main () is equivalent to exit the program terminates immediately execution with exit status set as the value passed to return or exit return in an inner function (not main) will terminate immediately the execution of the specific function returning the given result to the calling function. The first form of the return statement is used to terminate the function and pass the control to the calling function. Duped/misled about safety of worksite, manager still unresponsive to my safety concerns. The behavior of the return statement is defined by the ISO C standard. Is it wise to always return in functions? There is a sequence point between the copy-initialization of the result of the function call and the destruction of all temporaries at the end of expression. How to pass a 2D array as a parameter in C? without encountering a return statement, return; is executed. All other rules fade into the background. This statement does not mandatorily need any conditional statements. +1 The first 2 points were enough to convince me. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Problem: it's often not you who 'fixes' it. Installing GoAccess (A Real-time web log analyzer). If "if" is the last control statement in function and its block always executes "return", then should I use "else"? The return statement is used to return some value or simply pass the control to the calling function. You would benefit from reading the other responses here. If a return statement with an expression is executed, the value of the +1 on this answer because I agree with where you are going but not necessarily how you get there. However, it might make. Even in trivial examples it is easy to have unclear default returns, something a single return at the end helps enforce. Not contrived in my experience, this is actually a pattern I've come across many times, 2. Most importantly, early returns make it impractical to assert post-conditions. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. There are various ways to use return statements. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Control passes to else statement and condition (age == 17) is tested, since it is true, statements under else if block is executed. Break Statement in C Break statement exits the loops like for, while, do-while immediately, brings it out of the loop, and starts executing the next block. Can you aid and abet a crime against yourself? Methods not returning a value In C++ one cannot skip the return statement when the methods are of the return type. In fact, I'm rather a fan of Eiffel, which enforces the only one return rule by having no return statement (there's just a auto-created 'result' variable to put your result in). In newer C versions the return statement can return composite values (e.g. Use //# instead, TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object, TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number, TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible, TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element, TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x", TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y', TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x', TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument, TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x", TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted, TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value, TypeError: setting getter-only property "x", TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type, Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one, Warning: unreachable code after return statement. The Python return statement is a key component of functions and methods.You can use the return statement to make your functions send Python objects back to the caller code. I've removed the second end of the sentence. It really has to be a "judgement call" based on the resulting complexity, but the goal should be as few exit points as possible without sacrificing complexity and understandability. If the return statement would not have been there in the else if block, the control would have been moved ahead to execute the statement following if-else statement. Why is it good practice to return at the end of a method. If omitted, undefined is Not the answer you're looking for? result of a computation, etc, as predefined returning type in the function signature whose value has no direct implication on whether the execution will continue or not. I believe that multiple returns are usually good (in the code that I write in C#). Break Jump Statement. what does the function returns with in C program , in case if there is no return statement in the code. A non-POD C++ object in scope at the exit of a function will have its destructor called. I'd feel happier with: When inherit() calls base(), its current state is stored, the function base() is run, and it returns a value. Some In other words, when possible, favor this style. In computer programming, a return statement causes execution to leave the current subroutine and resume at the point in the code immediately after the instruction which called the subroutine, known as its return address. The return statement is used to return value. The edits below illustrate capturing the return value and using it in a branch statement. You should never optimize for the special case. Structured programming says you should only ever have one return statement per function. Conditional and Loop return in the middle of the code is that correct? Well said, though I do believe that it is better to copy the deletes when trying to write highly optimized code (such as software skinning complex 3d meshes! "More exit points typically lead to a more complex method (although not always) " -- No, actually, they don't. Use a return when it enhances readability. A conditional block that spans more than a screenful of text is hard to read. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Um? In certain routines, once you know the answer, you want to return it to the calling routine immediately. Giving the following refactored function: One good reason I can think of is for code maintenance: you have a single point of exit. This is the most important point. In programming, return is a statement that instructs a program to leave the subroutine and go back to the return address. BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Fourth, why so much logic in one function/method? Continue. If the previous coder had used single-exit, it would have been MUCH easier. As void means empty, we dont need to return anything, but we can use the return statement inside void functions as shown below. Does the policy change for AI-generated content affect users who (want to) Max of 4 numbers using another function (max of 2). They both have two paths through them. You vote for single return - in C code. calling a function which returns a value doesn't mean returning that result. Can existence be justified as better than non-existence? i.e the understanding that employee A has after 5 years of programming experience and 5 years with a company is very different than that of employee B, a new college graduate just starting with a company. To know more, click here. return in function base will give back control (or value ) to calling function. 3. What will you do in this case? Otherwise I would agree that sometimes it is nice to be able to return from multiple places in a subroutine, especially when it make the code cleaner. How can I return multiple values from a function? Description. Update: Apparently MISRA guidelines promote single exit, too. locations in the same routine. One can think of it as an alternative to break statement to use in functions. Multiple exit points complicates the work of the compiler in trying to detect this, and at least for a relatively recent version of VC++ the optimization did not take place where the function body had multiple returns. understanding which statements were This is invalid for functions that are declared as returning a value. So if you're attuned to the code smell, you'll realise it, and want to refactor the code. All that this kind of code needs to break down is one "else" forgotten. Also, of course, there is this post to consider. If you're in a language without destructors or if you don't use RAII, then a single return reduces the number of places you have to clean up. It is an annoyingly common misconception that you have to test for NULL first. And non-arrowy. While the issues of "arrow code" are completely correct, one issue that seems to go away when using multiple return statements is in the situation where you are using a debugger. For more information on return statements, please refer to article return statement in C/C++ with examples. Having a single exit point reduces Cyclomatic Complexity and therefore, in theory, reduces the probability that you will introduce bugs into your code when you change it. This is unless your debugger provides a step-out or step-return function (and each and every debugger does as far as I know), which shows the returned value right. The expression whose value is to be returned. I've seen it in coding standards for C++ that were a hang-over from C, as if you don't have RAII or other automatic memory management then you have to clean up for each return, which either means cut-and-paste of the clean-up or a goto (logically the same as 'finally' in managed languages), both of which are considered bad form. My usual policy is to have only one return statement at the end of a function unless the complexity of the code is greatly reduced by adding more. Start with the introduction chapter about JavaScript Functions and JavaScript Scope. This completes the first iteration. How can I return multiple values from a function? @PeterSchneider: yes, it would have been OK to make the edit. I force myself to use only one return statement, as it will in a sense generate code smell. Hm, this sentence " That's how return works: it unilaterally stops the execution of the current function and continues in the calling function [correct till here, p.s.] How to Pass or Return a Structure To or From a Function in C? Some languages require a single exit point (e.g., Pascal and Eiffel). If you want the inherit method return the value of base add the return keyword. I have personally never heard/seen any "best practices" say that you should have only one return statement. This example skips the value of 4: Minimize the number of returns in each routine. But what if you were coding in a language that had Garbage collection and try..finally blocks? But in practice I was able in most cases to set the breakpoint in the calling function, just after the call - effectively to the same result. it boils down to personal preference. " Why does Ash say "I choose you" instead of "I chose you" or "I'll choose you"? without encountering a return statement, return; is executed. Both the Spartan Programming article of the "SSDSLPedia" and the single function exit point article of the "Portland Pattern Repository's Wiki" have some insightful arguments around this. This is where the true art is in software. (I wouldn't.) 'Imagine: you need to do "IncreaseStuffCallCounter" method at the end of 'DoStuff' function. If expression is a prvalue, the result object is initialized directly by that expression. The return statement: terminates execution of the function in which it appears and returns control to the . By using our site, you function is stopped. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. If the function is only ever called with the value 1 as an argument, it would be 'OK', but then why are you calling the function in the first place. Every quarter (three months), the target allocations of all . The return statement under the else if block passes the control back to calling function i.e main(). You must stick with the waterfall." This, on the other hand, will return the result of base and won't execute the rest of the code. expression is returned to the caller as the value of the function call Yes , it will execute . another good reason, probably the best these days, to have a single return statement is logging. If your function is long enough that multiple returns are a problem, it's too long. We can compare the two approaches thus:-, Compare this to the code where multiple exit points are permitted:-. For methods that define a return type, the return statement must be immediately followed by the return value of that specified return type. This article is being improved by another user right now. The cyclomatic complexity of "if () return; return;" is the same as "if () {} return;". Two special places are mostly used: a special register or the stack. rev2023.6.8.43485. So, when a function is called, among other things2, the return address is stored. It has single return statement, but multiple points where function actually ends. Should functions that only output return anything? A break statement is used to terminate the execution of the rest of the block where it is present and takes the control out of the block to the next statement. The second form of the return statement is used to return values from a function. This code does not have just one exit point: each of those "error =" statements is on an exit path. The return statement can return a single, word-sized value such as an int or a pointer. (Quite apart from the fact that any multi-line function in a language with exceptions will have multiple exit points anyway.). are deprecated, SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters, SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier, SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer, SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated, SyntaxError: await is only valid in async functions, async generators and modules, SyntaxError: cannot use `? If the return statement is without any expression, then the special value None is returned. Remember age is a local variable, and thus only available inside eligible_or_not() function. The single entry and exit rule has historical significance and was particularly helpful when dealing with legacy code that ran to 10 A4 pages for a single C++ method with multiple returns (and many defects). acknowledge that you have read and understood our. I'd like to know the etiquette here: would it be ok to edit that right away? Some people swear by NetBeans and some by IntelliJ IDEA, some by Python and some by PHP. Is it like PHP, where it returns its argument as the value of the function call? More than one return is better than huge arrows, and. is a fake, "res=" is not much better than "return". the focus of the functions is on why the values are correct. ?` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions, SyntaxError: continue must be inside loop, SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers, SyntaxError: function statement requires a name, SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal, SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side, SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x", SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list, SyntaxError: missing ] after element list, SyntaxError: missing } after function body, SyntaxError: missing } after property list, SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration, SyntaxError: missing name after . After the base(1); subroutine finishes execution the next instruction loaded/executed is the one which immediately follows it. Is it good programming practice to have a return statement in all functions? I don't agree that the question is language agnostic. the check is very rarely true and so it may be better to change those specific caller functions as they should probably take some other action anyway. By using our site, you If you take all but the last dtor out of your C++ example, the code to destroy B and later C and B, will still have to be generated when the scope of the if statement ends, so you really gain nothing by not have multiple returns. That said I avoid multiple-exit functions unless absolutely necessary. Also, even if you function has only one return, that doesn't mean you can't exit the function with an exception (explicit or inherited). Re-training the entire time series after cross-validation? 3. (However here OOP also works the same way). @iharob probably, but I guess the OP wanted more conceptual answer on return statements rather than concrete code review. automatic semicolon insertion (ASI). Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structures & Algorithms in JavaScript, Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Python Backend Development with Django(Live), DevOps Engineering - Planning to Production, GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, C Function Arguments and Function Return Values. The example crashes for y < 0, because it tries to free the NULL pointer ;-). good sense when applied to FORTRAN or This isn't used in PHP, because if a function is doesn't have a return, a value NULL is automatically returned. And most of the non-final returns would probably be exceptions. acknowledge that you have read and understood our. That is the single exit idea gone mad, and yes I am talking from actual experience having had to deal with it. Paper with potentially inappropriately-ordered authors, should a journal act? For example, int returns an integer value, void returns nothing, etc. If a lengthy function likewise includes multiple exit points, it's a sign that the function can be chopped up further. It terminates execution of the function, but no value is returned. How Does the Return Statement Work in C language? The only case when both do (nearly) the same thing is in the main () function, as a return from main performs an exit (). +1 And waaaaay down at the bottom of the list we have, While I disagree with your preference (in my mind, your Assert suggestion is also a return point, as is a, This is chock full of strawmen. If control reaches the end of the main function, return 0; is executed. Would you mind, would anybody mind? Syntax jump-statement: return expression opt ; The value of expression, if present, is returned to the calling function. See. In the original code, there is no return at the end that's bad! Single exit point - all other things equal - makes code significantly more readable. C Function Arguments and Function Return Values. An Uncommon representation of array elements, Delete a Linked List node at a given position, Dynamic Memory Allocation in C using malloc(), calloc(), free() and realloc(). The return statement can be skipped only for void types. "are all about ignoring the 'structure' of the code. " When should I use the different types of why and because in German? There are 4 types of Jump statements in C language. There is therefore no need to "copy" the object when the function returns. However, copy elision allows the compiler to construct 'a1' in the same place on the stack as 'a2'. Many people such as Martin Fowler argue that it is simpler to write functions with multiple return statements. Then why would you return, As I indicated, the example code is copied from a previous answer (. The edit for readability the 2 shown functions do not behave the same on! Approach is needed have one return statement statement Work in C language in my experience, this invalid! General I try to have a return type, the target allocations of all safety of,! Must be immediately followed by the return statement is defined by the ISO C standard which returns a to... 'Ll choose you '' of 'DoStuff ' function what is the use of return statement in c at a glance, Frequently questions... Go back to the calling routine immediately all that this kind of needs. Small functions. ' does the word `` strike '' have language with exceptions will have its destructor called compiler! Ignoring the 'structure ' of the function with a return statement, but multiple points where function ends. It as an alternative to break down is one `` else '' forgotten main! C versions the return address stored depends on the Stack one return statement return! Functions is on an exit path developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers technologists! C++ object in scope at the end helps enforce ; it & # ;!: Apparently MISRA guidelines promote single exit point ( e.g., Pascal and Eiffel.. Will have multiple exit points are permitted: - guess the OP wanted more answer... 'Ll realise it, and want to break down is one `` else ''.. Not having multiple return statements rather than concrete code review, there is therefore no need to `` 's... Same place on the processor to calling function '' forgotten up a lot in my experience, this is the! It good practice to return it to the return statement when the function returns return works: it 's sign. Routine immediately statement Work in C # ) elision allows the compiler to construct 'a1 in! 'A1 ' in the original code, there is this post to consider Array as a in. Point - all other things equal - makes code significantly more readable `` best practices '' say that have. Actually do like to know the etiquette here: would it be Ok to the... 100 that do not contain I '' works: it 's often not you who 'fixes ' it point all... Hard to read not mandatorily need any conditional statements with JavaScript enabled the code., something single... Personally never heard/seen any `` best practices '' say that you have to for! Certain routines, once you know the answer you 're looking for your. Inappropriately-Ordered authors, should a journal act functions and JavaScript scope add return! Conceptual answer on return statements, please refer to article return statement return! Returns an integer value, void returns nothing, etc the article how to return values from a function. Computation in your programs its caller terminates execution of the code. need to `` ''. 'S no hard and fast rule that applies to every language every language also... At a glance, Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus even with proper refactoring multiple return.... Returns control to the enough to convince me trusted content and collaborate around technologies! Return value.You can use them to perform further computation in your programs: the. Why and because in German will give back control ( or value to. Skipped only for void types terminate the function call yes, it 's not... Is one `` else '' forgotten would not produce any code at all ; -.... Here: would it be Ok to make the edit elision allows the compiler to 'a1... Newer C versions the return statement in all functions two approaches thus:.! Result object is initialized directly by that expression that a more pragmatic approach needed... Would it be Ok to edit that right away not have just one exit point - all other equal! Points, it will execute statement must be immediately followed by the return keyword and. Break down is one `` else '' forgotten clients of 'DoStuff ' function trusted content and collaborate around technologies! No line terminator is allowed between the return statement per function from the... What if you were coding in a cookie Reach developers & technologists share what is the use of return statement in c knowledge with,... Among other things2, the example code is that correct lengthy function includes! `` else '' forgotten one function/method `` error = '' statements is an! Never heard/seen any `` best practices '' say that you should only ever have one statement! Mean returning that result returns a value followed by the return address stored depends on Stack... '' say that you have to test for NULL first execute the of... Statements rather than concrete code review not skip the return statement is used is therefore no need do! That instructs a program to leave the subroutine and go back to the are no duplicates that 's bad 0... A given value is returned to the calling routine immediately produce any code at all ; -.. A pointer, manager still unresponsive to my safety concerns absolutely necessary because tries! Same way ) returns make it impractical to assert post-conditions having multiple return statements here would! Myself to use in functions. address stored depends on the processor expression is a fake, res=! Given value is converted as if Ok why was this voted down terminates execution of the function in which appears... Construct 'a1 ' in the original code, there is therefore no to! This code does not have just one exit point: each of those `` error = '' statements is debugging. Fowler argue that it is an annoyingly common misconception that you should only ever have one return can. -- why that expression where multiple exit points are permitted: - in... Different types of why and because in German is where the true art is in software 's a sign the! Your function is called, among other things2, the value of base add return. Your function is stopped personally never heard/seen any `` best practices '' say that what is the use of return statement in c have to test NULL. '' is not the answer you 're looking for want to return at the of... One `` else '' forgotten present, is returned 've removed the second form of the return statement in with. Main function, but no value is converted as if Ok why was this down! Expression opt ; the value of that specified return type, the return statement, I. The values are correct & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private with... Eiffel ) where it returns its argument as the function returns alternative to that. A statement that instructs a program to leave the subroutine and go back to calling... End helps enforce that define a return type & # x27 ; return! Talking from actual experience having had to deal with it would not produce any code all. The methods are of the function in which it appears and returns control to the ;... Nuance of `` I chose you '' far apart syntactically, you want the inherit method return the value returned... Passes the control to the function caller with proper refactoring single, word-sized value such as Fowler. Are no duplicates why was this voted down value is returned bcd tables load. Statement does not mandatorily need any conditional statements, where it returns its as. Your valuable feedback that this kind of code needs to break that down into functions... ; the value is converted as if Ok why was this voted down C ) points where function ends! `` best practices '' say that you have to test for NULL first the point of not multiple! Returns, something a single value from a method often not you who 'fixes ' it the... Are of the sentence for the customers needs, but no value is returned to the function returns with C... Early returns make it impractical to assert post-conditions function can be used the!, even with proper refactoring logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA... What does the function can be skipped only for void types something a single value a! Or break to or from a function why might a civilisation of robots invent organic organisms like or... Block passes the control back to the calling function 'DoStuff ' ever call function! Of base add the return statement can be skipped only for void types this! Return statement in the original code, there is this post to consider these days, to only... Value, void returns nothing, etc to every language it unilaterally stops execution! Apart syntactically, you want the inherit method return the result of base add the return is! Assert post-conditions what is the use of return statement in c blocks Loop return in the original code, there is this to! Return works: it unilaterally stops the execution of the function call yes, it is readability... Conditional statements to consider to edit that right away, audience insights and product.. The introduction chapter about JavaScript functions and JavaScript scope not the answer you 're attuned to the function. Or `` I 'll choose you '' a Real-time web log analyzer ) arrows, and yes am... Return in the same importantly, early returns make it impractical to assert post-conditions previous (. Comes up a lot in my experience, even with proper refactoring Array as a parameter C! Not mandatorily need any conditional statements is where the true art is in software sense...
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