The importance of parental influence on positive adolescent development has been well established using longitudinal studies with multiple-informant questionnaires. (2014). tapestry@yulupr.com. Mothers know best: Redirecting adolescent reward sensitivity to promote safe behavior during risk taking. Behaviors that are reinforced, either through social rewards or the avoidance of social punishments, are more likely to be repeated, whereas behaviors that elicit social punishments are less likely to be repeated (Akers, 2001). One way researchers have examined familial influence on positive youth adjustment and brain development is to examine the internalization of family values. Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. In addition to examining how peers may influence adolescents to engage in more positive behaviors, researchers have examined the role of supportive peer friendships in buffering adolescents from negative outcomes. Rewardrelated responses in the human striatum. These brain regions tend to be more activated among adolescents relative to adults when processing social information (Blakemore, den Ouden, Choudhury, & Frith, 2007; Burnett, Bird, Moll, Frith, & Blakemore, 2009; Gunther Moor et al., 2012; Pfeifer et al., 2009; Van den Bos, Van Dijk, Westenberg, Rombouts, & Crone, 2011; Wang, Lee, Sigman, & Dapretto, 2006; Somerville et al., 2013), underscoring adolescence as a key period of social sensitivity (Blakemore, 2008; Blakemore & Mills, 2014). Adolescent family experiences and educational attainment during early adulthood. Acculturation rating scale for Mexican Americans-II: A revision of the original ARSMA scale. Siblings primarily influence each other through two mechanisms: social learning, which is the process of observing and selectively integrating modeled behaviors, and through deidentification, which is the process of actively behaving differently from one another (Whiteman, Beccera, & Killoren, 2009). In this introduction to the special issue on the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in socioeconomic development, we provide a conceptual framework that considers four dimensions that impact socioeconomic development: policy, business, technology, and society. on Facebook, Share Social Impact: Definition and Why is Social Impact Important? Certain family situations or changes to family life and coming from a disadvantaged area can affect a child's social and emotional development. They are an important source of information for both citizens and government. If anyone needs a crash course in the critical role played by civil society organizations, COVID-19 is providing itfrom increased need for the services they provide to those less fortunate, to the strain they are experiencing from lack of supplies and the need to social distance, to government having to act too quickly without civil society input. We refer to this element as directness of results, taking the values direct or indirect. Climate change is affecting the American people in far-reaching ways. One study found that for adolescent victims of bullying who also experienced low parental conflict and low sibling victimization, boys reported lower levels of depression and girls reported lower levels of delinquency compared to adolescents who experienced high dissatisfaction at home (Sapouna & Wolke, 2013). Thus, norms serve to reinforce conformity by promoting the need for social acceptance and avoidance of social punishments (e.g., Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). Extant research examining social conformity across development supports the reference group theory (Shibutani, 1955), which suggests that individuals adopt the perspectives of different social reference groups (e.g., family or peers) based on their perceived relevance in guiding that decision. Such impacts have made life easier for multitudes, and have gifted many with the resources, education and tools needed to live a better life. At the heart of IMD's mission is an ambition to deepen the positive impact that responsible and mindful leaders and businesses can have on society. Although this theory was originally developed to describe criminality and deviant behavior, its propositions can also be applied to positive social learning. Using this theoretical framework, we review literature examining the social contexts in which adolescents rely more on their family or peer influence when faced with conflicting information, which can, in turn, reinforce the development of positive social norms and relationships, as well as promote adaptive decision making. Often referred to as familism or family obligation, youth from Latin American families, for example, stress the importance of spending time with the family, high family unity, family social support, and interdependence for daily activities (Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995; Fuligni, 2001). Thus, adolescents overestimate the prevalence of their peers behaviors and use their (mis)perceptions of social norms as a standard by which to compare their own behavior. Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view. The family is the first and primary social group to which most individuals belong (Bahr et al., 2005), whereas friends become an increasingly salient social identity during adolescence, a developmental period marked by a need to belong and affiliate with peers (Crockett et al., 1984; Newman & Newman, 2001; Kroger, 2000; Furman & Buhrmester, 1992; Hart & Fegley, 1995). Differential association refers to the direct association with groups who express certain norms, values, and attitudes. 75 A firm can take action in all four . Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Interestingly, these findings revealed that social brain regions, rather than affective reward-related regions, underlie prosocial peer influence. In Kramer & Conger L (Eds. These studies highlight the significant role that parents can play in promoting prosocial peer affiliations, which may subsequently facilitate opportunities for peers to positively influence youths decision making. Whereas adolescents take greater risks when their friends are watching them during this same task (Chein et al., 2011), we found that adolescents made significantly fewer risks when their mother was present (Telzer, Ichien, & Qu, 2015). Social impacts have been making waves and changes in many parts of our lives. Technologies can help make our world fairer, more peaceful, and more just. on LinkedIn, Share Social Impact: Definition and Why is Social Impact Important? Thus, when multiple group identities are activated and norm-conflict occurs, teens may be motivated to engage in a positive behavior (McDonald et al., 2013). Either way, they exist. Together, these findings suggest that the presence of mothers alters the way adolescents make risky decisions and may provide an important scaffolding role, helping adolescents avoid risks by decreasing the rewarding nature of risks and promoting more effective cognitive control. Given the important neural changes occurring in adolescence, we describe the important role of maturational changes in the developing brain that may underlie susceptibility to social influence. Latino adolescents academic motivation: The role of siblings. This study highlights that social influence susceptibility may be a regulated process as opposed to a lack of inhibition, and also points to the positive side of peer conformity. Importantly, increased activation in the VS during the family obligation task predicted longitudinal declines in risky behaviors and depression, whereas increased VS activation during the risk taking task predicted increases in psychopathology (Telzer, Fuligni, Lieberman, & Galvan, 2013b, Telzer et al., 2015). The Triadic Neural Systems Model includes the cognitive control system as well as two affective systems, an approach, reward-driven system, which centers on the VS, and an avoidance/emotion system, which centers on the amygdala, a brain region involved in withdrawal from aversive cues and avoidance of punishments (Ernst, 2014). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. Adolescents who reported improvements in the quality of their family interactions showed longitudinal declines in risk taking, which was mediated by declines in VS activation during a risk-taking task (Qu, Fuligni, Galvan, Lieberman, & Telzer, 2015). Triadic Systems Model of adolescent neurodevelopment. The goal of the journal is to provide scholarship that enables . Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. At the neural level, adolescents who recruited regions involved in cognitive control(e.g., lateral PFC ) during the cognitive control task were more influenced by their cautious peers, such that cognitive control-related activation was associated with safer driving in the presence of cautious peers. The temporal gap between these systems is thought to create a developmental window of vulnerability in adolescence during which youth may be highly susceptible to peer influence due to the socioemotional nature of peer contexts (Steinberg, 2008). In addition, neural regions involved in cognitive control (e.g., VLPFC, MPFC), were more activated when their mother was present than when alone or in the presence of an unknown adult, suggesting that maternal presence may facilitate more mature and effective neural regulation via top-down inhibitory control from prefrontal regions. Adolescents indicated how strongly they personally agreed with the importance of engaging in several prosocial behaviors (e.g., helping people), as well as rated how much they felt their mother versus friends expected them to engage in these same prosocial behaviors. In the following section, we review neuroimaging work on how the family context contributes to adolescent adjustment through family norms and values, positive family relationships, and parental monitoring. Within the context of social license to operate, trust relies on four factors: a firm's (or its solution's) impact on the community; the quantity of contact between the firm and the community; the quality of that contact; and the procedural fairness of decisions made regarding the solution (figure 1). And together, each individual contributes to the family culture, including allocation of resources as well as family rituals, boundaries, and communication (Parke, 2004). This node includes regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortices. Neural correlates of adolescents viewing of parents and peers emotions: Associations with risk-taking behavior and risky peer affiliations. Adolescents with high neurobiological susceptibility (blue dashed line) thrive in positive contexts but are vulnerable in negative contexts. Although research on sibling relationships has traditionally focused on conflict and rivalry as it contributes to negative child and adolescent outcomes, accumulating research suggests that siblings positively influence adolescent development through sibling relationships built upon support (Conger, 2013). A comprehensive conceptualization of the peer influence process in adolescence. Chein J, Albert D, OBrien L, Uckert K, & Steinberg L (2011). However, these mechanisms largely depend on one factorperceptions of support (for a review see, Dirks, Persram, Recchia, & Howe, 2015). A developmental fMRI study of selfregulatory control. This phenomenon is referred to as pluralistic ignorance (e.g., Prentice & Miller, 1996), which occurs when people personally reject a group norm, yet they incorrectly believe that everyone else in the group engages in the behavior. Sources of social influence include peers, family, teachers, other attachment figures (e.g., coach of sports team, youth group leader) and even (social) media (Akers 1979; Bandura, 2001; McDonald et al., 2013). George Ingram ); But what many do not realize is that social influence is much more subtle and complex, and cannot often be identified so easily. Thus, adolescents may be uniquely attuned to salient social rewards in their environment. These social entrepreneurs own businesses that directly benefit society through their efforts in addressing one or several components of social challenges. A better understanding of how developments in science and technology influence the creation of new occupations and subsequent changes in educational programs can help decision makers at all levels of our society. The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: Implications for understanding social anxiety. Philanthropy is not something new as many people and organizations have always been ready to lend a helping hand since the beginning of time. This node includes regions such as the superior temporal sulcus (STS), intraparietal sulcus, fusiform face area, temporal pole, and occipital cortical regions. When most people think of social influence, images of peers cheering on their friends to drink, do drugs, or engage in risky and reckless behavior likely come to mind. If adolescents are highly sensitive to peer influence due to heightened neurobiological sensitivity to social context, then in addition to being pushed to engage in negative behaviors (e.g., risk taking), peers should be able to push teens to engage in more positive behaviors (e.g., prosocial behaviors). Hence, in this chapter we highlight social influence as an opportunity for promoting social adjustment, which can redirect negative trajectories and help adolescents thrive. Defining prosocial risk taking in adolescence. National Library of Medicine Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. As peers become increasingly important across adolescence, positive peer influence can similarly protect against aversive family experiences. Social learning theory and adolescent cigarette smoking: A longitudinal study. Introduction How are childhoods influenced by nature and nurture? For media requests: Yulu PR. (B) Adults have mature regulatory capabilities that effectively balance the approach and avoidance systems. Although we have reviewed literature examining one parent or one sibling, research has also investigated the combined influence of multiple family members, which reflects the essence of the family systems model (Cox, 2010). Results across several studies converged on the same conclusion individuals believe others are more comfortable with drinking than themselves. Eshel N, Nelson EE, Blair RJ, Pine DS, & Ernst M (2007). 2010), whereas the presence of mothers is associated with less VS activation when making risky choices (Telzer, Ichien, & Qu, 2015). Relationships within the family: A systems perspective on development. Changes in family cohesion and links to depression during the college transition. In addition, experiencing support from a sibling is associated with later feelings of competence, autonomy, and relatedness during adolescence, as well as life satisfaction during the transition into emerging adulthood (Hollifield & Conger, 2015). United Nations Social Development Network (UNSDN), Sustainable Development Goals: Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. Gender equality is considered a critical element in achieving Decent Work for All Women and Men, in order to effect social and institutional change that leads to sustainable development with equity and growth. Tucker CJ, & Updegraff K (2009). The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology. Rubia K, Smith AB, Taylor E, & Brammer M (2007). Charting the Eccles expectancy-value model from mothers beliefs in childhood to youths activities in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. (2003). Healthy development can be upended by abuse and neglect, which may disrupt cognitive and language development and socialization and particularly hamper a child's ability to develop trust or. It is comprised of 14 modules focused on various topics of socio-economic development related to disability issues in Africa. Mothers who displayed relevant beliefs, such as valuing the domain and their childs competence in the domain, as well as demonstrated relevant behaviors themselves, such as modeling and encouragement, had adolescents who valued and engaged more in each domain (Simpkins, Fredricks, & Eccles, 2012). The Deep impact is the final impact that measures consumers satisfaction through happiness inventories from the efforts the business is making towards creating social impacts. The Social Information Processing Network model (SIPN; Nelson et al., 2005; Nelson, Jarcho, & Guyer, 2016) proposes that social stimuli are processed by three nodes in sequential order. Overall, this research highlights the need to further investigate how interactions between family and peer influence differentially affect adolescent decision making, with the goal of identifying opportunities to leverage adolescents increased social and neurobiological susceptibility in favor of positive developmental outcomes. The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. According to social identity theory, social influence occurs when individuals internalize contextually salient group norms, which set the stage for their self-definition, attitudes, and behavioral regulation (Tajfel, 1981; Tajfel & Turner, 1979; Hogg & Reid, 2006). These findings highlight the vital role that supportive friends play. The audacity of specificity: Moving adolescent developmental neuroscience towards more powerful scientific paradigms and translatable models. 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