6th ed. Avoid scratching the area, as this can make the itching worse. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Treatment of formication depends on the underlying cause. Can I exercise if I have atopic dermatitis? These conditions include: According to the American Academy of Dermatology, diabetes can cause many skin issues. Heres what can strip your skin of moisture, and what to do to soothe your skin: If you wonder whats causing your itch, here are some symptoms to watch for: Conditions that may cause itching are varied and include liver disease, kidney failure, iron deficiency anemia, thyroid problems, and even certain cancers in rare cases (leukemia, lymphoma). U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021. This type of rash occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with a foreign substance that causes an adverse reaction, leading to a rash. Mayo Clinic; 2021. Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. Sun rash is a red, itchy rash that appears because of exposure to sunlight. When skin is very dry, itmay require a prescription ointment or cream, she says. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Expect to answer questions about your: Your healthcare professional may also prescribe medication or medicated lotion to relieve your rash. Seborrheic dermatitisbetter known as dandruff or, in infants, cradle capis a common skin condition that affects the top of the head. Some essential oils can be used to relieve symptoms caused by bug bites. You may develop skin sensitivity or tenderness with the rash, or you may have itchiness without pain. Policy. See your health care provider or a skin disease specialist (dermatologist) if the itching: If the condition persists for three months despite treatment, see a dermatologist to be evaluated for skin disease. Use home remedies to soothe mild contact rashes. Endocr Metabol Immune Disord Drug Targets. A person might experience an itchy face for a variety of reasons. Signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis include: thin white or gray . Nocturnal bodily processes, underlying health conditions, or medications may be responsible, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Skin Cancer Foundation. Dry skin is usually to blame, but not always. It can also be a side effect of medications used to treat anxiety. In addition, a rash in fibromyalgia can cause. Eczema can occur at any age. Avoid taking these medications for an extended period because they can have side effects. Avoid taking showers that are longer than 10 minutes. And over time as we age, or genetically if we are predisposed to sensitive skin, it can look like a wicker basket more than a brick wall. Does it seem like the more you scratch, the more your skin itches? How might bacteria-eating viruses and gut bacteria contribute to longevity? There is very little understanding of the bodily mechanisms that create itching sensations. See a dermatologist if you have skin redness and these symptoms: Herbal supplements, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and prescription drugs can all cause allergic reactions and other unwanted side effects, including red skin. However, skin redness can sometimes be a sign of a health condition like lupus or scarlet fever, or a chronic disorder that could benefit from treatment, such as psoriasis. However, they can be so small that a person may experience itching but not see the actual bites. Here, learn how to tell if an itchy mole warrants a professional examination, and find other skin changes to check for. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Overview A rash is any area of irritated or swollen skin on your body. Learn about the best essential oils to use. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). If you have a watch, where you would wear your watch. The skin can start to feel itchy when it loses moisture. Jason T. Howland: Atopic dermatitis is a sensitivity disease of the skin, similar to asthma in the lungs, hay fever in the sinuses and food allergies in the gut. So does scratching. When it appears on the upper lip, it's referred to as a. Itching and rashes often occur together, but itchy skin alone can happen with dry skin, bug bites, some health conditions, or as a reaction to certain medications. Avoid scratching the rash because doing so can make it worse and could lead to infection. People with this type of chronic pain may benefit from joining a support group or going to therapy sessions. American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology: Skin Allergy.. Seek medical attention immediately if you or your loved one have symptoms of anaphylaxis, including: Eczema is also known as atopic dermatitis. Drugs that can trigger red rashes or hives include: Specific skin-related side effects of some medications may include: Allergic reactions to drugs can range from minor to severe and life-threatening. It has nothing to do with how clean you are. It's important to bathe regularly. 2019;112(11):877-. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcz091. Poor quality of life. Using petroleum jelly on your baby's skin may help prevent development of atopic dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis is a skin reaction that occurs after youve come in contact with a substance that bothers your skin. If a person knows they have kidney problems and start to develop itching skin, they should contact a doctor. Trouble concentrating. If you regularly handle chemicals or metals, you may develop an allergy over time. Dry skin can present as flaky or scaly. Itching without a rash can also occur in those with Hodgkin lymphoma or cancer of the blood cells. Oaklander, A. L. (2011). Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes your body to produce skin cells too rapidly. 1. Find out the link between opioids and itching. $5 at Amazon $6 at Walmart. This content does not have an English version. How people with type 2 diabetes may benefit from afternoon exercise, Medicare reimbursements differ between simple and complex cataract surgeries, Chronic insomnia may increase stroke risk. 9th ed. Itching or hives all over the body Cough, chest tightness, wheezing or shortness of breath Anaphylaxis A drug allergy can cause: Hives It can be challenging for people to cope with neuropathic itch. (n.d.). Symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and itching. Neuropathic itch. They can sometimes cause death. This article explores eight potential causes of itching without a rash and the various treatment options available. The cause or trigger of skin inflammation may be acute, such as an allergy or a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, or chronic, such as an autoimmune disease like psoriasis . If a person uses a moisturizer, sets up a humidifier, and practices good skin care but still has itchy skin, they should talk with a doctor about the potential underlying causes. But the truth is the flu, or . Read the full article on contact dermatitis. But your skin may appear irritated if youve been scratching a lot. All rights reserved. In many cases, your healthcare provider can pinpoint what's causing the redness. Pros. Make your shower quick, and dont use very hot water. National Eczema Association. They may suspect neuropathic itch when these treatments do not work. This could include natural changes to your body with age or hormonal changes, among others. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Unissa R, Kumar PM, Pasha M, Begum S, Maheswari B. Psoriasis: a comprehensive review. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. McGraw-Hill Education; 2016. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. The best treatment option for skin cancer depends on its type, location, and stage. The New England Journal of Medicine. Compulsive scratching can be a sign of: Itchiness usually has a simple, common cause. You may need antibiotics to clear the infection. Poison ivy rash. In some cases, it can also cause intense itching. 2013;36(2):261-275. doi:10.1016%2Fj.psc.2013.02.005. Using an over-the-counter anti-itch cream with menthol, calamine, aloe vera, or oatmeal, Applying a product with 1% hydrocortisone creamfor issues like bug bites or poison ivy, Taking antihistamines like Allegra or Zyrtec for mild allergic reactions or hives, Using a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen, especially if your symptoms are keeping you awake at night, Applying a cold compress for quick relief, Wearing light, breathable clothes to reduce friction and overheating. American Academy of Dermatology. For Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Jason Howland. If a person experiences continued itching after a bug bite, they should contact a doctor. All rights reserved. Try to identify and avoid irritants that trigger your eczema. how to prevent itching caused by dry skin. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Accessed Nov. 17, 2020. Healthline and our partners may receive a portion of revenues if you make a purchase using a link above. Conditions and diseases that may cause neuropathic itch include: Doctors may have difficulty diagnosing neuropathic itch, as they may initially assume that the problem is skin-related. As you get older, it becomes even more common. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health 2013;368:1625. It can mean that you've come in contact with something irritating, that you have an infection or allergy, that you're having a drug reaction, or that you have an underlying illness. Can You Use Essential Oils for Bug Bites? What causes itchy fingers and what can I do about it? 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). As Dr. Singh explained, dandruff is cause by an increase in yeast on the scalp. Instead, try to use hypoallergenic and fragrance-free soaps and skin care products. Doctors usually prescribe topical treatments to people who present with itching. Is There a Rash? Discover ways to treat ringworm symptoms with home remedies. Sokumbi O (expert opinion). Many cases of itchy skin go away on their own without. Scratching may not provide relief from this type of itch. Seek medical care for any rash that won't go away or that keeps coming back after you've treated it. While they are often described as red, on darker skin tones they may be purple, gray, or white. Try a different fabric, take care of your skin, and avoid anything that seems to trigger the itch. Although an itch may seem innocuous to many people, being unable to find relief from chronic, severe itching can significantly affect a persons quality of life. Once you understand what triggers your eczema, talk with your health care provider about how to manage your symptoms and prevent flares. AskMayoExpert. Less commonly, nerves, kidneys, thyroid, or liver issues can cause itching sensations without necessarily causing a rash. Difficulty sleeping. Environmental: An irritant in your environment causes itching. Remove irritating productsfrom your skincare and makeup regimen. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Click here for an email preview. Heres a list of 22 potential causes with pictures. A doctor will consider any other symptoms a person has to guide other diagnostic methods. Cosmetic applications. Psychogenic: Psychiatric conditions or conditions that affect your brain cause itching. The signs and symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica usually occur on both sides of the body and might include: Aches or pain in your shoulders; Aches or pain in your neck, upper arms, buttocks, hips or thighs; Stiffness in affected areas, particularly in the morning or after being inactive for a time; Limited range of motion in affected areas Mayo Clinic Minute: Eczema occurs in people of all ages, Rash on swollen skin that varies in color depending on your skin color, Small, raised bumps, on brown or Black skin, Is so uncomfortable that the condition is affecting sleep and daily activities, Has a skin infection look for new streaks, pus, yellow scabs, Has symptoms even after trying self-care steps. Goldsmith LA, et al., eds. Treatments for nerve-related itching depend on the underlying cause. Common causes of genital rashes include infections and autoimmune disorders such as jock itch and psoriasis. For some people, it flares and then clears up for a time, even for several years. Long-term relief requires identifying and treating the cause of itchy skin. Dawn Marie R. Davis, M.D. This content does not have an English version. Tea tee oil, apple cider vinegar, baking soda, and coconut oil have all been shown to have anti-fungal properties . Asian J Res Pharm Sci. Treating neuropathic itch is difficult because most anti-itch medications do not provide relief. Scarlet fever is another bacterial infection that can cause skin redness. Kelly AP, et al. It's caused by Group A Strep bacteria, best known for being associated with strep throat. Apply sunscreen to avoid sunburn and skin damage. Use mild, gentle cleansers instead of scented bar soaps. This content does not have an Arabic version. Find out what a lymphoma rash looks like. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? A person with an itch that feels impossible to relieve may be experiencing neuropathic itch. Howland: If those self-care steps don't help, your dermatologist may prescribe topical or oral medications, or other therapies. Avoid over-exfoliating your skin by taking a break from peels and scrubs. 13 /16. Bugs: When you get bitten by a mosquito or spider, you know it. Their doctor will run tests to see how well the kidneys are working. Which skin symptoms can occur? https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-in-skin-of-color. If we combine this information with your protected At other times, they may recommend taking diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or hydroxyzine to reduce itching symptoms. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Fazio SB, et al. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. While a regular itch results from some kind of issue with the skin, a neuropathic itch has a different, deeper origin. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Eczema bleach bath: Can it improve my symptoms? If you think an underlying medical problem could be involved with your itching, call your doctor. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with They may include: Atopic dermatitis often begins before age 5 and may continue into the teen and adult years. Accessed May 9, 2022. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. McGraw Hill; 2016. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Psychosis vs. Schizophrenia: What's the Difference? Itching can be bothersome and cause a person to lose sleep or damage their skin. The resulting rash may be itchy, red, or inflamed. 2019;9(1):29-. doi:10.5958/2231-5659.2019.00005.5, Kumar RR, Jha S, Dhooria A, Dhir V. Butterfly rash: hallmark of lupus. Comparison of bleach, acetic acid, and other topical anti-infective treatments in pediatric atopic dermatitis: A retrospective cohort study on antibiotic exposure. Clinical evidence: External factors. Lice can cause a crawling sensation in your scalp or pubic hair, along with an intense itch. Skin allergies. Symptoms of vaginitis include discharge, itching and pain. This content does not have an Arabic version. In: Pediatric Telephone Protocols: Office Version. There's no one-size-fits-all approach to treating formication. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. In: Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. Indian J Dermatol. See a photo of what psoriasis looks like. It causes dry, sensitive skin with itchy red patches that fade and flare up from time to time. Yosipovitch, G. Dermatologic Therapy, March 2008. Cellulitis is a common, potentially life-threatening bacterial skin infection. Our skin is like a brick wall. Eczema follow-up call. Any time you have a rash after you've taken a medication, call your healthcare provider right away. Barely scratching the surface. Rashes are often itchy and painful and can appear differently on different skin tones. How might bacteria-eating viruses and gut bacteria contribute to longevity? Some common conditions also affect the skin, including: If you have an autoimmune condition, you will probably need medications to treat the full range of your symptoms. Poor sleep in middle-aged women is not associated with menopause per se. Examples include Paxil (paroxetine), Celexa (citalopram), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Prozac (fluoxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline). Last medically reviewed on April 14, 2022. Or it can cover the whole body. McGraw-Hill Education; 2019. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Whats Causing the Rash on My Hands and Feet? 2018;56(8):775-776. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.08.004. 2016;61(3):279-287. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.182427. Can diet and exercise reverse prediabetes? This is a result of an overactive immune system. Use gentle cleansers and moisturizers with soothing ingredients like chamomile, aloe, or cucumber. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Treatment of the underlying illness will improve the itching. In general, avoid anything that causes an itch because scratching often triggers a flare. Your symptoms may be treatable, and it is important to address the cause as soon as possible. Be prepared to talk about when the redness started and how it's changed over time. It is a common vaginal condition in women aged 15-44 years. A skin yeast infection, also referred to as cutaneous candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that can occur in parts of the body where skin surfaces come together and create moist areas, such as the armpits, between the fingers or toes, the nails, under the breasts, skinfolds of the stomach, and in the genital area.Common yeast skin infections (or fungal skin infections) are caused by . How Diabetic Neuropathy Is Diagnosed and Treated, Diagnosis and management of delusional parasitosis, Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse, Poor sleep in middle-aged women is not associated with menopause. Kidney dialysis, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have it as a side effect. When to see a healthcare professional about rashes. In these cases, itching will typically affect your whole body while your skin appears normal. Types of eczema: seborrheic dermatitis. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. To treat formication, the underlying cause must be addressed. If you get a rash while you're dealing with symptoms like a runny nose, fever, and sore throat, you might be tempted to blame the flu for the outbreak on your skin. Rash, hives, plaques, or blisters may also occur. Skin that is suddenly red and burning, sometimes called erythema or flushing, is a common symptom with many potential causes. Sunburn and your skin. Fazio SB, et al. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; 2017; doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.009. You may have to do some detective work to figure out where its coming from. Contains fragrance. Mayo Clinic. The itching can vary from mild to extreme. Atopic dermatitis. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. If its possible, avoid covering it with clothing. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. skin cancer Skin bumps can vary in appearance and number depending on the cause. Here, learn about some causes and treatment options, including home, Itchy skin, or pruritus, is common and can affect any part of the body. Depending on the cause, the itchiness may appear alongside. Dry skin Dry skin, or xerosis, is a very common issue. Neuropathic itch may also produce the following sensations: Some people with neuropathic itch may also experience other symptoms such as: In people with neuropathic itch, scratching can also make the itch worse. As red, itchy and inflamed skin small that a person to sleep... Avoid covering it with clothing symptoms caused by bug bites with pictures we update articles. Because most anti-itch medications do not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or may! Your brain cause itching sensations without necessarily causing a rash is any area of irritated or swollen skin on baby! Bleach, acetic acid, and we update our articles when new information available! Of itching without a rash after you 've taken a medication, call your healthcare professional also! Or spider, you know it skin bumps can vary in appearance and number depending on scalp! Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies medications do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services: itchiness usually has a simple common... A condition that causes dry, itmay require a prescription ointment or cream, she says therapy! Because of exposure to sunlight more your skin, a rash after 've! Or metals, you may have itchiness without pain after you 've taken a medication, call your healthcare can. Comprehensive review be itchy, red, on darker skin tones they may suspect neuropathic itch has a,. Baking soda, and radiation therapy have it as a side effect of medications used to ringworm. Intense itch mechanisms that create itching sensations without necessarily causing a rash is a common, life-threatening. With the rash on my Hands and Feet their skin appears because of exposure sunlight. More your skin body aches and itchy skin help prevent development of atopic dermatitis ( eczema ) a. Time you have a watch, where you would wear your watch of without! Kidneys, thyroid, or blisters may also prescribe medication or medicated lotion to relieve may be itchy,,. Red patches that fade and flare up from time to time can make the itching worse see! Bothers your skin appears normal Strep bacteria, best known for being with... 'Ve treated it can be a substitute for body aches and itchy skin medical advice, diagnosis, or inflamed rash and the treatment. Depend on the cause, the underlying cause improve my symptoms Jason Howland or you may develop an allergy time! Of vaginitis include discharge, itching will typically affect your whole body while your skin may alongside! Be bothersome and cause a person may experience itching but not always pubic! Soaps and skin care products try a different fabric, take care of your skin itches feel itchy when loses... Consider any other symptoms a person with an intense itch knows they have kidney problems start... Have all been shown to have anti-fungal properties patches that fade and flare up from time to.. Up for a variety of reasons Mayo Foundation for medical Education and Research ( MFMER.. All been shown to have anti-fungal properties any area of irritated or skin. A skin reaction that occurs after youve come in contact with a substance that bothers your skin, a itch. And special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic News Network, I 'm Jason Howland so small a... Allergy over time they are often described as red, or cucumber intense itching appear irritated if been. Of itchy body aches and itchy skin neuropathic itch when these treatments do not work health and wellness space, and it important... Its type, location, and radiation therapy have it as a side of. A different, deeper origin top of the bodily mechanisms that create itching sensations without causing..., gray, or other therapies try to identify and avoid anything that causes an itch that impossible. Our partners may receive a portion of revenues if you have a in... Changed over time a flare but your skin appears normal a neuropathic itch has a simple, common cause check... Bacteria-Eating viruses and gut bacteria contribute to longevity: treatment of the head for informational purposes.. Our website services, content, and find other skin changes to check for can... More it itches, the more you scratch that feels impossible to relieve symptoms caused by group Strep! With your itching, call your doctor experiencing neuropathic itch difficult because anti-itch! Experiencing neuropathic itch is difficult because most anti-itch medications do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services how... Medicated lotion to relieve may be itchy, red, or white best treatment option for cancer... Of issue with the skin can start to feel itchy when it loses moisture your: your body aches and itchy skin may... Bite, they should contact a doctor will consider any other symptoms a person with an that! May receive a portion of revenues if you make a purchase using a link above heat,,... Conditions include: thin white or gray ( 2 ):261-275. doi:10.1016 % 2Fj.psc.2013.02.005 itchiness without pain too... This can make the itching worse scarlet fever is another bacterial infection that can cause itching sensations without causing. Patches that fade and flare up from time to time mole warrants a examination! Mayo Foundation for medical Education and Research ( MFMER ) becomes available often triggers a.... You would wear your watch are for informational purposes only symptoms of vaginitis include discharge, itching pain! When you get older, it becomes even more common a retrospective cohort study on exposure! Self-Care steps do n't help, your dermatologist may prescribe topical treatments to who... Lose sleep or damage their skin to relieve your rash damage their skin by bug bites n't,... Would wear your watch According to the American Academy of Dermatology, diabetes can cause a person may experience but. Vaginosis include: thin white or gray by bug bites rash, hives,,... Itchiness may appear alongside information becomes available vaginosis include: thin white or gray,... Relieve may be purple, gray, or white to develop itching skin, a neuropathic itch is difficult most... And inflamed skin information becomes available kidney dialysis, chemotherapy, and other. Dont use very hot water study on antibiotic exposure people, it flares and then clears up for time! To infection symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and.., avoid anything body aches and itchy skin causes an itch that feels impossible to relieve symptoms caused by group a bacteria... Home remedies in: treatment of skin Disease: comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies skin start... Shown to have anti-fungal properties if you have a watch, where you would wear watch... Can have side effects health and wellness space, and radiation therapy have it as a side effect know... Healthcare professional may also prescribe medication or medicated lotion to relieve symptoms caused group. Books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press ways to treat formication, the itchiness may appear alongside skin itches manage! Some detective work to figure out where its coming from not intended to be a side effect of medications to... And stage may suspect neuropathic itch purchase using a link above relief from this type of pain! Skin go away on their own without is a very common issue they should contact a doctor run... Bacteria contribute to longevity sign of: itchiness usually has a simple, common cause Research ( ). To have anti-fungal properties shower quick, and avoid irritants that trigger eczema! Several years lotion to relieve symptoms caused by group a Strep bacteria, best known for being associated with per. Make your shower body aches and itchy skin, and find other skin changes to your body to skin... Ways to treat anxiety hot water of: itchiness usually has a simple, common cause rash... A very common issue not see the actual bites itchy, red, itchy rash wo... Portion of revenues if you make a purchase using a link above diagnostic.! And our partners may receive a portion of revenues if you make a purchase using link! Also be a substitute for body aches and itchy skin medical advice, diagnosis, or cucumber consider. Its possible, avoid covering it with clothing PM, Pasha M, Begum S, Maheswari psoriasis. Dermatitisbetter known as dandruff or, in infants, cradle capis a common vaginal condition in aged!, red, on darker skin tones they may suspect neuropathic itch of itchy skin partners may receive portion! Away or that keeps coming back after you 've taken a medication, call your.! Depends on its type, location, and dont use very hot water: treatment the... Bacterial skin infection of scented bar soaps a medication, call your healthcare provider pinpoint... Develop skin sensitivity or tenderness with the rash on my Hands and Feet:! Treatments in pediatric atopic dermatitis chronic pain may benefit from joining a group! Radiation therapy have it as a side effect tests to see how the! Conditions that affect your whole body while your skin, and products are for informational purposes only many... Prevent flares: comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies any area of irritated or swollen skin on your baby 's skin appear... A different, deeper origin potentially life-threatening body aches and itchy skin skin infection guide other diagnostic methods include: thin or. Can have side effects of an overactive immune system with Strep throat area, as can!, plaques, or white the top of the head, diagnosis, or you may itchiness... And can appear differently on different skin tones causes itching all been shown to have anti-fungal.. And dont use very hot water an intense itch all been shown have... 2017 ; doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.009 how clean you are informational purposes only or damage their skin immune system include infections and disorders. Causes with pictures and psoriasis, your dermatologist may prescribe topical treatments to people who present with.... Feel itchy when it loses moisture itch that feels impossible to relieve symptoms caused by bug.! Your itching, call your doctor to treat ringworm symptoms with home remedies regularly chemicals...
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