Muhammad saw Aisha in a dream. See also, Al-Halabi, Abu al-Faraj, Insan al-Uyun fi Sirat al-Amin al-Mamun, (Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, 1427 AH) Vol.2, 167. while she was on a journey along with the Messenger of Allah (): I had a race with him (the Prophet) and I outstripped him on my feet. Have you eaten Maghafir?" [64][65], Aisha was jealous of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad's first wife, saying, "I did not feel jealous of any of the wives of the Prophet as much as I did of Khadija though I did not see her, the Prophet used to mention her very often, and whenever he slaughtered a sheep, he would cut its parts and send them to the women friends of Khadija. She said, I did not feel jealous of any woman as much as I did of Khadija because Allahs Messenger () used to mention her very often.[36] In the same vein using an ingenuous simile she highlighted her being the only wife of the Prophet () not previously married. See, Brown, Jonathan, Misquoting Muhammad, (London: OneWorld Publications, 2014) 144; Dr. Brown also discusses (p. 291-293) the account of the marriage given by Lodovico Maracci (d. 1700) and Simon Ockley (d. 1720). Muhammad came to speak directly with Aisha about the rumours. Because of this, it is impossible to know with any certainty how old Aisha was. A female acquaintance suggested Aisha, a bright and vivacious character. Other Muslims doubt the very idea that Aisha was six at the time of marriage, referring to historians who have questioned the reliability of Aishas age as given in the saying. According to the academic Kecia Ali: Accusations of lust and sensuality were a regular feature of medieval attacks on the prophets character and, by extension, on the authenticity of Islam., Also read: Having Spawned it, Modi Govt Will Now Learn the Challenges of Calibrating Bigotry. As a young wife, Aisha was playful, and the Prophet would race her when they were in the outdoors. This portrayal ignored the fact that before his marriage to Aisha, Muhammad had been married to Khadija, a powerful businesswoman 15 years his senior, for 25 years. [109][110], The Shia view Aisha is different than Sunni. He said: This is for that outstripping. During a controversial battle in Muslim history, she emerged riding a camel to lead the troops. '"[62] Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship. Brill, 1934) Vol.2, x (Foreword). The battle is known as the Battle of the Camel, after the fact that Aisha directed her forces from a howdah on the back of a large camel. Secondly, the report that Ibn Hajar used to date the hadith of Aisha playing with dolls including a winged horse appears in the works of Abu Dawud,[44] al-Nasai,[45] Ibn Hibban,[46] and al-Baihaqi. Since the early Christians heralded Christ as a model of celibate virtue, Muhammad - who had married several times - was deemed to be driven by sinful lust. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Taking all known accounts and records of Aisha's age at marriage, estimates of her age range from nine to 19. The people cut off Uthmn's water and food supply. Interestingly, of the many criticisms of Muhammad made at the time by his opponents, none focused on Aisha's age at marriage. They point out that, in seventh-century Arabia, adulthood was defined as the onset of puberty. Insights into their relationship, such as the fact they liked to drink out of the same cup or race one another, are indicative of a deep connection which belies any misrepresentation of their relationship. Aisha's accusers were subjected to punishments of 80 lashes.[f]. Here, you will find quick shortcuts to major topics & hubs under IslamiCity. In addition, some modern Muslim scholars have more recently cast doubt on the veracity of the saying, or hadith, used to assert Aishas young age. There is a long hadith by Aisha (RA) that narrates an absolutely sweet interaction between the two: "One day, the Prophet (PBUH) was mending his shoe and I was working on the spinning wheel. Myriam Francois-Cerrah is studying for a DPhil at Oxford University, focusing on Islamic movements in Morocco. A stateswoman, scholar, mufti, and judge, Aisha combined spirituality, activism and knowledge and remains a role model for many Muslim women today. Surely, even the greatest genius slip at times. These are offered as a means for IslamiCity to stimulate dialogue and discussion in our continuing mission of being an educational organization. They point out that, in seventh-century Arabia, adulthood was defined as the onset of puberty. Afterward, she lived quietly in Medina for more than twenty years, took no part in politics, became reconciled to Ali and did not oppose caliph Mu'awiya (r. Aisha's union would also have cemented Muhammad's longstanding friendship with her father, Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr was uncertain at first "as to the propriety or even legality of marrying his daughter to his 'brother'." Industrialization and concomitant urbanization were the main reasons for changes in perceptions and attitudes towards marriage though even such powerful factors did take a lot of time to affect changes. A few points need to be considered; first, the focus here was not Aisha; neither her age nor marriage, rather it was about an apparent contradiction between legal implications of the hadith on Aisha playing with dolls in the presence of the Prophet () and those of other hadith reports prohibiting imagery of living beings. Her discontinuation of public politics did not stop her political influence completely. We created it for only one thing in mind; to create a peaceful corner that features just inspiring and uplifting material, focused around Universal Values to be reflect upon -- at a time never needed more desperately than now. He wanted to promote the interests of the Umayyads. In every home, brides - legally - used to be as young as Aisha. Considering Historical Changes |Facts on 7th Century Arabia |Aisha and Puberty |A Happy Marriage, On Fath al-Bari Quote |History & Logic of Criticism |A Blissful Marriage |Conclusion, Narrated Aisha: that the Prophet () married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old.[1]. 840. The opinions expressed herein, through this post or comments, contain positions and viewpoints that are not necessarily those of IslamiCity. As the story goes, Aisha left her howdah in order to search for a missing necklace. Because of this, it is impossible to know with any certainty how old Aisha was. The Islamophobic depiction of Muhammads marriage to Aisha as motivated by misplaced desire fits within a broader Orientalist depiction of Muhammad as a philanderer. Soon after this event, Muhammad reported that he had received a revelation in which he was told that he could eat anything permitted by God. Should one not then ask as why should anyone have a say when the person involved and her parents were all happy about the marriage? Subhan Allah.
This has been reported by Aisha herself and is corroborated by information otherwise. As such efforts ran into conflicts with local forms of Sharia, pointers to Aisha's age at marriage (and the associated Prophetic precedent) proliferated across the archives in explaining the backwardness of Muslim societies and their reticence to reforms. [5] Al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, Sunan al-Kubra, Vol.1, 476, [6] Al-Asbahani, Abu Nuaim, Akhbar Asbahan, (Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, 1990) Vol.2, 243; Al-Albani, Nasir al-Din, Irwa al-Ghalil fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Manar al-Sabil, Vol.1, 199, [7] Ibn Asakir, Abu al-Qasim, Tarikh al-Damishq, (Beirut: Dar al-Fekr, 1995) Vol.70, 188, [8] Al-Kalabadhi, Abu Nasr, al-Hidaya wa al-Irshad fi Marifah Ahl al-Thiqa wa al-Sidad, (Beirut: Dar al-Marifa, 1407 AH) Vol.1, 370; Ibn Asakir, Abu al-Qasim, Tarikh al-Damishq, Vol.24, 358, 361, [9] Ibn Adi, Abu Ahmad, al-Kamil fi al-Duafa al-Rijal, Vol.5, 343, [11] Al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, Sunan al-Kubra, Vol.1, 476, [12] al-Dainwari, Ibn Qutaiba, al-Maarif, (Cairo: al-Haiyah al-Misriyya, 1992) 287; Al-Baihaqi, Sunan al-Kubra, Vol.1, 476, [13] Al-Kalabadhi, Abu Nasr, al-Hidaya wa al-Irshad fi Marifah Ahl al-Thiqa wa al-Sidad, Vol.1, 386; Ibn Asakir, Abu al-Qasim, Tarikh al-Damishq, Vol.31, 244, [14] Al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, (Beirut: Dar al-Turath, 1387) Vol.3, 161 translated in Poonawala, Ismail K., The History of al-Tabari: Volume IX The Last Years of the Prophet, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990) 128. Aisha's forces were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in the battle,[94] considered the first engagement where Muslims fought Muslims. [60][61] Aisha also spoke her mind, even at the risk of angering Muhammad. [52] Al-Yahsubi, Qadi Iyad, Ikmal al-Mulim bi Fawaid al-Muslim, (Cairo: Dar al-Wafa, 1998) Vol.7, 447-448, [53] Cocca, C.E., Jailbait: The Politics of Statutory Rape Laws in the United States (New York: State University of New York Press) 23-24, [54] Textor, Robert B., et al., The Social Implications of Industrialization and Urbanization: Five Studies of Urban Populations of Recent Rural Origin in Cities of Southern Asia, (Culcutta: Unesco. [24][25] After this, the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with Jubayr ibn Mut'im was put aside by common consent. And He is the All-Knowing, All-Wise. Whereas, Ibn Hajar did finally incline towards al-Khattabis (d. 388/988) view it was more for the prudential reason of reconciliation rather than informed substantiation. Girls, and boys, are maturing earlier physically some doctors put the difference at two years as compared with the beginning of the century . is studying for a DPhil at Oxford University, focusing on Islamic movements in Morocco. [87] After killing Uthman, the rebels asked Ali to be the new caliph, although Ali was not involved in the murder of Uthman according to many reports. Aisha would have been no different. Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: while she was on a journey along with the Messenger of Allah (): I had a race with him (the Prophet) and I outstripped him on my feet. It is only rational to suggest that no skepticism can override a mothers conviction, at least not with regards to very private matters of a girl. She remained at the camp until the next morning, when Safwan ibn al-Muattal, a nomad and member of Muhammad's army, found her and brought her back to Muhammad at the army's next camp. It originally stated that King John was 44 when he married Isabella of Angoulme. I said, If this is from Allah, it will be done.[75]. Aishas marriage was totally in line with the norms of her time that did not contradict reason or law. In addition, some modern Muslim scholars have more recently cast doubt on the veracity of the saying, or hadith, used to assert Aisha's young age. What's more, Aisha had already been engaged to someone else before she married Muhammad, suggesting she had already been mature enough by the standards of her society to consider marriage for a while. : , We moved to Medina and took up residence among the Bani al-Haith b. Khazraj in al-Sunh. Due to overwhelming content, each of these hubs can be considered a home page of its own. The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.[100]. Those who manipulate her story to justify the abuse of young girls, and those who manipulate it in order to depict Islam as a religion that legitimises such abuse have more in common than they think. The school-leaving age has been raised, there is talk of raising it still further. The Prophet (), however, came between the two and when Abu Bakr left, he said to Aisha, You see how I rescued you from the man.[35], What further confirms this are Aishas own statements showing not just love and affection for the Prophet () but also her jealousy for him. [18], the Messenger of God consummated his marriage to her on a Wednesday in Shawwal in the house of (her father) Abu Bakr in al-Sunh. For the last two years of her life, Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad, hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law. D. S. Margoliouth (d. 1940) was apparently the first one to make pejorative mention of this union and that too only in a parenthetic note intended more at highlighting Prophets () poverty in the backdrop of battle of Badr. Shakespeares Juliet was fourteen. [17][18][19], Aisha was born in Mecca c. He was born in the year 122/740 and his mother in 110/728-29. Aisha said, I raced him on foot and I outran him, but when I gained some weight, I raced him again and he outran me. The Prophet said: This is for that race." Source: Sunan Ab Dwd 2578. [13], Her father, Abu Bakr (r.632634), became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad, and after two years was succeeded by Umar (r.634644). This idea dates back to the crusades. [53] Accordingly to a study by UNESCO in India in 1950s over 40% of the rural population considered age range 11-14 as proper time for girls to marry, while over 11% of them were found favouring 8-10 years of age rage for marriage of a girl and almost half these ratios were observed among those who migrated from rural to urban areas.[54]. Her slaves mounted the howdah and prepared it for travel without noticing any difference in weight without Aisha's presence. She was certainly no wallflower. The first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman, and prominent members of the Banu Umayya. What makes it challenging to both explain and grasp its rationale is the number of sociological and demographic factors involved and the concomitant sensitivities that have undergone changes especially over the last century which is the only period this marriage has been a subject of polemics and apologetics. During his lifetime, he established her authority by telling Muslims to consult her in his absence; after his death, she went to be become one of the most prolific and distinguished scholars of her time. [g] She was 67 years old. [19] Al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, Vol.2, 400 translated in McDonald, M.V., The History of al-Tabari, Volume VII The Foundation of the Community, (Albany, State University of New York Press, 1987) 8. Muhammad married Aisha when she was six years old and their marriage was consummated when she was nine. She said: I raced with the Prophet and I beat him. While the Qur'an is considered to be the verbatim word of God, the hadiths were transmitted over time through a rigorous but not infallible methodology. Ibn Sa'd notes Aisha to have boasted of her being the only virgin-wife before Muhammad himself. Her participation in the Battle of the Camel is widely considered her most significant sign of such . Matches any set of one or more characters. If you see a green icon like this (), it means you're already logged in! 7 AH) and clearly stated that Aisha had by then reached puberty. [32] In some versions it is reported as if Aisha related the story while in others it appears to have come all from the Prophet (). By the end of this time, his wives were humbled; they agreed to "speak correct and courteous words"[70] and to focus on the afterlife. Moreover, Aisha has informed us that consummation actually happened in the house of Abu Bakr. A critical review of such arguments will be presented in a forthcoming article. This confirms our apprehension that on this rare occasion Ibn Hajar went to hastily prefer the mention of Khaibar over Tabuk only to add a semblance of plausibility to the view of al-Khattabi he had quoted because reconciliation, he said, is better than contradiction. In his haste he did not seem to have considered details about Aishas marriage and altogether missed the implication of al-Khattabis unconvincing attempt at reconciliation with regard to it. Karen Armstrong rightly observes, Tabari says that she was so young that she stayed in her parents home and the marriage was consummated there later when she had reached puberty.[20]. Afterward she was allowed to return to Medina. She led an army against his successor, Al, when he refused to bring Uthmns murderers to justice, but she was defeated in the Battle of the Camel. All Muhammads marriages had political motivations, and in this case the intention seems to have been to cement ties with ishahs father, Ab Bakr, who was one of Muhammads most important supporters. Muhammad's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence. "Your Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was Pedophile" the most infuriating comment of the 21 st century quoted by critics of Islam and Muslims try to avoid it as long as possible. August 12, 2020 By Vaidehi Taman - Advertisement - Photo for Representational Purpose A isha, the most brilliant woman, and Prophet Muhammad's third and youngest wife have always been under attack by various religious groups in modern times. Critics allege that Aisha was just six years old when she was betrothed to Muhammad, himself in his 50s, and only nine when the marriage was consummated. Her father, companion to the Prophet, Abu Bakr, was delighted about the marriage. We stayed in Abu Bakrs house for a few days; then Abu Bakr asked [the Prophet] O Messenger of God, what prevents you from consummating the marriage with your wife? The Prophet said, The bridal gift (sadaq). Abu Bakr gave him the bridal gift, twelve and a half ounces [of gold], and the Prophet sent for us.[16]. As caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for the new position of authority. According to the academic Kecia Ali: Accusations of lust and sensuality were a regular feature of medieval attacks on the prophets character and, by extension, on the authenticity of Islam.. This was because she knew more about the Prophets sayings than most companions. Hence the caravan accidentally departed without her. [105] Abu Hurairah led her funeral prayer after the tahajjud (night) prayer, and she was buried at Jannat al-Baqi. She was known for her assertive temperament and mischievous sense of humour - with Muhammad sometimes bearing the brunt of the jokes. It covers day to day World Affairs, Politics & News. [2] Ibn Khaldun, al-Tarikh (Diwan al-Mubtada wa al-Khabr ), (Beirut: Dar al-Fekr, 1988) Vol.1, 37-39, translated in Franz Rosenthal, Muqaddimah An Introduction to History, Abridged and edited by N. J. Dawood (New Jersey: Princeton, 2005) 24-26, [3] Nancy J. Hopwood, et al, The Onset of Human Puberty: Biological and Environment Factors in John Bancroft & June Machover Reinisch, Adolescence and Puberty, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) 40; see also Craig A. Hodges & Mark R. Palmert, Genetic Regulation of the Variation in Pubertal Timing in Ora H. Pescovitz & Emily C. Walvoord, When Puberty Is Precocious: Scientific and Clinical Aspects, (Totowa: Humana Press, 2007) 84. Being Muhammad's favorite wife, Aisha occupied an important position in his life. While the Quran is considered to be the verbatim word of God, the hadiths were transmitted over time through a rigorous but not infallible methodology. [27] Accordingly, people would wait for day of Aishas turn to send gifts to the Prophet () in a bid to seek his pleasure. ishah had no important influence on her husbands political or religious policies while he lived, but he is said to have recognized her knowledge of Islam by counseling his Companions to take half your knowledge from Humayra, Humayra (Little Red One) being his term of endearment for her. These details leave nothing to be said regarding the kind of union Aisha had with the Messenger of Allah (). Insights into their relationship, such as the fact they liked to drink out of the same cup or race one another, are indicative of a deep connection which belies any misrepresentation of their relationship. After Muhammad's death, which ended Aisha and Muhammad's 14-year-long marriage, Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina. Interestingly, while in the quote under consideration Ibn Hajar sided with the suggestion that Aisha had not reached puberty around the time of Khaibar which happened in the year 7 AH,[48] elsewhere in Fath al-Bari he dated the event of Aisha watching the Abyssinians sport in the mosque to the same year (i.e. IslamiCity is making such material available in its effort to advance understanding of humanitarian, education, democracy, and social justice issues, etc. [24] Al-Bukhari, al-Sahih, Hadith 250, 261; Muslim b. Hajjaj, al-Sahih, Hadith 321 (46). Finds terms that are similar in spelling. Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr (the first caliph) and the child-wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Earlier we discussed how in seventh century Arabia things were markedly different in terms of onset of puberty and conceptions on marriageable age. test* Highlighting pitfalls in the study of history and factors related to puberty in general the details of the marriage are explored. [84], The caliphate took a turn for the worse when Egypt was governed by Abdullah ibn Saad. [47] Whereas al-Nasais version mentions the Prophet () returned from a campaign, Abu Dawuds version involves doubt of a sub-narrator whether the Prophet () had returned from Tabuk or Khaibar and that of al-Baihaqi mentions only Tabuk. In 655, Uthman's house was put under siege by about 1000 rebels. Before his death, he appointed Umar, one of his chief advisers, as the second caliph. During his lifetime, he established her authority by telling Muslims to consult her in his absence; after his death, she went to be become one of the most prolific and distinguished scholars of her time. All Rights Reserved, IslamiCity is a registered trademark of HADI, a nonprofit 501 (c)(3) organization. Muhammad had other wives (previously divorced or widowed) which was customary since women did not hold rights in pre-Islamic times. A subsequent Qurnic revelation asserted her innocence; the Qurn furthermore criticized and stipulated punishment for those who slander virtuous women. This did not sit well with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar. Rumours that Aisha and Safwan had committed adultery were spread, particularly by Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, Hassan ibn Thabit, Mistah ibn Uthatha and Hammanah bint Jahsh (sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh, another of Muhammad's wives). Other Muslims doubt the very idea that Aisha was six at the time of marriage, referring to historians who have questioned the reliability of Aishas age as given in the saying. [25] Orientalist William Montgomery Watt suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr;[14] the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture. Every other Friday, we try to feature a new theme which will uplift our spirituality. She contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death. One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?" For example swore~ would result in swore, snore, score, etc. [45], In most Muslim traditions, Khadija bint Khuwaylid is described as Muhammad's most beloved and favored wife; Sunni tradition places Aisha as second only to Khadija. Whats more, Aisha had already been engaged to someone else before she married Muhammad, suggesting she had already been mature enough by the standards of her society to consider marriage for a while. [14], Biographical information on Muhammad and his companions are recorded in hadiths and sira. During a controversial battle in Muslim history, she emerged riding a camel to lead the troops. 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[ 75 ] she knew more about the rumours: Sunan Ab Dwd 2578 more about Prophets. Rights Reserved, IslamiCity is a registered trademark of HADI, a bright and character. Moved to Medina and took up residence among the Bani al-Haith b. Khazraj in.. Home page of its own missing necklace the rumours her innocence ; the Qurn Furthermore and! None focused on Aisha 's age at marriage, Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina information... To be as young as Aisha tahajjud ( night ) prayer, and she was known her! Had a strong intellectual relationship marriage are explored. [ 100 ] is from Allah, it is impossible know! It is impossible to know with any certainty how old Aisha was pitfalls in the World? 1000. You 're already logged in Khazraj in al-Sunh brill, 1934 ) Vol.2, x ( Foreword.... Aisha has informed us that consummation actually happened in the battle of the are. & hubs under IslamiCity Francois-Cerrah is studying for a DPhil at Oxford University, on! 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