Its capital is Wiesbaden. Mathilde was succeeded by other women related to the Ottonian emperors: Sophia, daughter of Otto II and sister of Otto III, and Teophanu, granddaughter of Otto II. Essen reached a population of 100,000 in 1896. Dezember 2021", Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW, cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essen&oldid=8829867, Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Dsseldorf, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. In the suburb of Werden the abbey church was founded in 796 as part of a monastery. Address: Virchowstrae 167a D-45147 Essen, Germany. Henceforth, the 10"old states" plus 5"new states" plus the new state Berlin add up to current 16states of Germany. In women's football, SGS Essen are members of top division Frauen-Bundesliga. The Catholic abbey had no troops to counter this development. [53] Essen also has many table tennis and swimming clubs. Essen also has a radio station named Radio Essen. Because of its central location in the Ruhr, Essen is often regarded as the Ruhr's "secret capital". Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen. In the west of Essen is Borbeck, which was long separate from Essen. [1][2] Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen (with its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven) are called Stadtstaaten ("city-states"), while the other thirteen states are called Flchenlnder ("area states") and include Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia which describe themselves as Freistaaten ("free states"). of universities Overview 44 Study Programs in English 3 Universities 2 Universities in International Rankings Tuition Fees Minimum: 6 years ago. The Landschaftsverbnde now have very little power. It even acquired its own railway station, Essen Hgel, which is still a regular stop. There were then strikes in the Krupp factory. The lake, a popular recreational area, dates from 1931 to 1933, when some thousands of unemployed coal miners dredged it with primitive tools. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories, as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany thus had eleven states. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The Alteburg[de] castle in the south of Essen dates back to the eighth century, the nearby Herrenburg[de] to the ninth century. As of 2011, there are 295 Landkreise and 107Kreisfreie Stdte, making 402districts altogether. However, from the 14th century onwards, the city council increasingly grew in importance. [45] One tram line and a few bus lines coming from neighboring cities are operated by these cities' respective carriers. On 27 October 1956, the Saar Treaty established that Saarland should be allowed to join Germany, as provided by the German constitution. In Essen-Rttenscheid there are many cultural buildings (like the Folkwang or the Ruhrland museum). However, it has no legal significance. 646. Essen is home to several large companies, among them the ThyssenKrupp industrial conglomerate which is also registered in Duisburg and originates from a 1999 merger between Duisburg-based Thyssen AG and Essen-based Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp. The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin and Hamburg and the state of Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Stdte, in Baden-Wrttemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind (Kommunalverbnde besonderer Art), see below. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, This article is about the city in Germany. Another important and famous sports club is TUSEM Essen, with a handball team that have won several national and international titles. The German Wehrmacht dominated the fighting early, but had gone downhill ever since. "[5] But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.[6]. After the successful invasion of Germany by the allies, Essen was assigned to the British Zone of Occupation. [26] On 5 March 1943 Essen was subjected to one of the heaviest air-raids of the war. A segment of the A 52 connects Essen with the more southern region around Dsseldorf. 461 people were killed, 1,593 injured and a further 50,000 residents of Essen were made homeless. Grugapark. The region was sparsely populated with only a few smallholdings and an old and probably abandoned castle. In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. In 1244, 28 years later, Essen received its town charter and seal when Konrad von Hochstaden, the Archbishop of Cologne, marched into the city and erected a city wall together with the population. Public holidays in Germany are determined by each federal state such that, for instance, Repentance Day is only a holiday in Saxony and Assumption Day is only celebrated in the states of Bavaria and Saarland. The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are referred to as "senates". Land; colloquially also (sing.) In 1811, Friedrich Krupp founded Germany's first cast-steel factory in Essen and laid the cornerstone for what was to be the largest enterprise in Europe for a couple of decades. Article23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. Another university in Essen is the private Fachhochschule fr konomie und Management, a university of applied sciences with over 6,000 students and branches in 15 other major cities throughout Germany. The most famous and most known are Kettwig, until 1975 a separate town and not part of Essen, with the Altstadt of Kettwig, where many timber framing houses are (Fachwerkhuser). The crown, however, does not refer to the city of Essen itself, but instead to the secularized ecclesiastical principality of Essen under the reign of the princess-abbesses. The first documented mention of Essen dates back to 898, when Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia, willed territory on the western bank of the River Rhine to the abbey. The new German Empire included 25states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. During the Thirty Years' War, the Protestant city and the Catholic abbey opposed each other. The southern part of Essen presents a landscape of woods and parks. Because of its big industry, Essen was destroyed with bombs in the Second World War. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by the Greater Hamburg Act (Gro-Hamburg-Gesetz) of 1937, the area of the city-state was extended, while Lbeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. Within the empire, 65% of the territory and 62% of the population belonged to the state of Prussia. Disputes between the city and the abbey about supremacy over the region remained common until the abbey's dissolution in 1803. Essen boasts a critically acclaimed philharmonic orchestra. Essen features concert halls and an economic-research institute. The Stadtbahn and Straenbahn operate on total route lengths of 19.6 kilometres (12.2mi) and 52.4 kilometres (32.6mi), respectively. Typical treaties relate to cultural relationships and economic affairs. Territorial boundaries were essentially redrawn as a result of military conflicts and interventions from the outside: from the Napoleonic Wars to the Congress of Vienna, the number of territories decreased from about 300 to 39; in 1866 Prussia annexed the sovereign states of Hanover, Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, and the Free City of Frankfurt. Essen (German pronunciation: [sn] (listen); Latin: Assindia) is the central and, after Dortmund, second-largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany. An adorable train takes visitors on an enjoyable journey through the park. People tend to connect the sword in the left shield with one found in the Cathedral Treasury. The Ruhr Pocket campaign of April 1945 ended Germany's hopesand established the US Army. Kettwiger Str. The "constitution" for the municipalities is created by the states and is uniform throughout a state (except for Bremen, which allows Bremerhaven to have its own constitution). Area 8,152 square miles (21,114 square km). The warmest months are July and August, with an average temperature of 18C (64F). In 1563, the city council, with its self-conception as the only legitimate ruler of Essen, introduced the Protestant Reformation. Essen was originally the seat of an aristocratic convent (founded 852), still represented by the cathedral (Mnsterkirche; now the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop), completed in the 15th century. Local government also provides public utilities, such as gas and electricity, as well as public transportation. According to the German constitution, some topics, such as foreign affairs and defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation. The famed metal-working Krupp family opened their first foundry here in 1810. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph3). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the north, the A 42 briefly touches Essen territory, serving as an interconnection between the neighboring cities of Oberhausen and Gelsenkirchen and destinations beyond. During the Nazi era (19331945), mayors were installed by the Nazi Party. Bochum, city, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the "Old States" today. Using the Essen City Map on this page you will find all streets of Essen including its districts, suburbs, and even surrounding regions. The Ruhr is dammed at Essen to form Baldeney Lake, which is near the Villa Hgel, originally the home of the Krupps (the noted German industrialists) and since 1953 used for meetings and cultural events. It provided an alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest. It was heavily damaged during the war, yet partly reconstructed and used by the Allies as a secondary airport since visibility is less often obscured than at Dsseldorf Airport. and politicians (Walter Dring, Hans Apel, and others) made proposals some of them far-reaching for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. The average price of a house in Essen is 2250 per square metre. The first church on the premises dates back to between 845 and 870; the current church was constructed after a former church had burnt down in 1275. Since no agreement was reached, a referendum was held on 9 December 1951 in four different voting districts, three of which approved the merger (South Baden refused but was overruled, as the result of total votes was decisive). Essen comprises fifty boroughs which in turn are grouped into nine suburban districts (called Stadtbezirke) often named after the most important boroughs. In 1377, Essen was granted imperial immediacy[30][citation needed] but had to abandon this privilege later on. Essen has nine districts (Bezirke) and 50 boroughs (Stadtteile). This sword, however, is much more recent. Built in 1873 by industrial magnate Alfred Krupp, Villa Hgel, the 269-room mansion (8,100m2 or 87,190sqft) and the surrounding park of 28ha (69.2 acres) served as the Krupp family's representative seat. The German use of the term Lnder ("lands") dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Wrttemberg-Hohenzollern, and Wrttemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Wrttemberg. However, all but one of the Nacht Express bus lines originate from / lead to Essen Hauptbahnhof in a star-shaped manner. Media related to Essen at Wikimedia Commons. [6] The city has been shortlisted for the title of European Green Capital two consecutive times, for 2016 and 2017, winning for 2017. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Three Lnder call themselves Freistaaten ("free states", an older German term for "republic"): Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally from 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). The Krupp family had to leave the Grnderzeit mansion in 1945, when it was annexed by the allies. Bundeslnder, "Federate State/s"). 6. The average monthly rent for a four bedroom apartment is 4000 per month. By calling the document the Grundgesetz, rather than Verfassung (constitution), the authors expressed the intention that it would be replaced by a true constitution once Germany was reunited as one state. The minister-president appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. The city thenespecially through the Krupp family iron worksbecame one of Germany's most important coal and steel centers. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The WAZ Media Group is one of the most important (print) media companies in Europe and publishes the Ruhr area's two most important daily newspapers, Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (WAZ; 580,000 copies) and Neue Ruhr/Rhein Zeitung (NRZ; 180,000 copies). The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.[14]. At the same time, the commission developed criteria for classifying the terms of Article29 Paragraph1. The next change occurred in the aftermath of German reunification in 1990, in which the area of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) became part of the Federal Republic, by accession of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thringen) to the Federal Republic and by the de facto reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. This means that some German states have more German holidays than others; in fact, lucky locals can enjoy up to 13 days of German public holidays a year, one of the highest public holiday entitlements in Europe. Founded around 845, Essen remained a small town within the sphere of influence of an important ecclesiastical principality (Essen Abbey) until the onset of industrialization. Whereas Werden Abbey sought to support Liudger's missionary work in the Harz region (Helmstedt/Halberstadt), Essen Abbey was meant to care for women of the higher Saxon nobility. The exception to this rule is the Day of German Unity, which is a federally mandated public holiday marked on October 3 each year. In 2017 the public transport organization of Mlheim, the Mlheimer Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG) and the Essener Verkehrsgesellschaft (EVAG) merged and became the Ruhrbahn. Its population of 583,393 makes it the ninth largest city of Germany, as well as the fourth largest city of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The biggest association football clubs in Essen are Rot-Weiss Essen (Red-White Essen) and Schwarz-Wei Essen (Black-White Essen). She reigned for over 40 years, and endowed the abbey's treasury with invaluable objects such as the oldest preserved seven branched candelabrum, and the Golden Madonna of Essen, the oldest known sculpture of the Virgin Mary in the western world. Popular things to do Walking Tours Points of Interest & Landmarks Theatres Speciality Museums Top Attractions in Essen See all 2022 1. The most known people from Essen are the actor Heinz Rhmann, whose parents were the owner of Essen's famous hotel Handelshof near the Central Station (Hauptbahnhof), Carl Humann, explorer of the Great Altar of Pergamon, Karl Baedeker, a publisher whose company made many books for tourists (Baedeker), Alfred Krupp and Franz Dinndendahl, who made the first steam machine in the Ruhr area. In 1948, the military governors of the three Western Allies handed over the so-called Frankfurt Documents to the minister-presidents in the Western occupation zones. Of the 17states at the end of the Weimar Republic, six still exist (though partly with different borders): The other 11 states of the Weimar Republic either merged into one another or were separated into smaller entities: Possible boundary changes between states continue to be debated in Germany, in contrast to how there are "significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes" in those other countries. However, the important westwork and crypt have survived from Ottonian times. [24] There were several subcamps in Essen in Second World War, such as the subcamps Humboldtstrae[de], Gelsenberg[de], Schwarze Poth[de]. The most popular sport in Germany is Association football or soccer. Calculate Distance Essen After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39states formed the German Confederation. In particular, the outcome of the 1951 referendum did not reflect the wishes of the majority of Baden's population. The administration was led by a full-time Oberstadtdirektor. Essen's neighbour cities are Oberhausen, Mlheim an der Ruhr, Ratingen, Heiligenhaus and Velbert in the Rhineland; and Hattingen, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Gladbeck and Bottrop in Westphalia. The Krupps wanted their workers to be absolutely dependent on them. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16German states in matters concerning the European Union. Here, they did mining work and worked for companies like Krupp and Siemens. [4] Arthur B. Gunlicks summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "the German system of dual federalism requires strong Lnder that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Study in Essen: 3 Universities with 44 English Study Program s All important info for international students in Germany (2023/2024) Essen North Rhine- Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) State 600.000 Inhabitants 3 No. In 1963 the Folkwang school was renamed Folkwang-Hochschule (Folkwang Academy). Essen More info about city Essen is the central and second largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening, the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies. Other football clubs are BV Altenessen and TuS Helene Altenessen. This coincided with Ruhr.2010, the festival in which the Ruhr district was designated the European Capital of Culture for the year 2010. Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. The referendums in Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate were held on 19 January 1975 (the percentages given are the percentages of those eligible who voted in favour): The votes in Lower Saxony were successful as both proposals were supported by more than 25% of eligible voters. 167a, Essen, Germany +49 020188 83 106. She was to become the most important of all abbesses in the history of Essen. A major fire in 946 heavily damaged both the church and the settlement. Many Ruhrbahn rail lines meet at the main station but only a handful of bus lines. It is a blade found in the borough of Vogelheim[de] in the northern part of the city during the construction of the RhineHerne Canal in 1926. Local authorities foster cultural activities by supporting local artists, building arts centres, and by holding fairs. In the south of the city, the boroughs of Kettwig and Werden exceptionally stand for towns once of their own, which have been annexed in 1929 (Werden) and 1975 (Kettwig), respectively, and which have largely preserved their pre-annexation character. Photo: Shutterstock. city, 589,499; (2000 est.) The Krupp decoy site (German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage) was built in Velbert to divert Allied airstrikes from the actual production site of the arms factory in Essen. + Leaflet | OpenStreetMap How far is it to Essen? Under the direction of an agency borne by the land of North Rhine-Westphalia and the city itself, several arts and design institutions settled mainly on the grounds of the former coal mine; a redevelopment plan for the coking plant is to be realised. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. It lays like Kettwig in the south of the city and is the oldest borough of Essen. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Essen in April 1945. They play in the 4th and the 5th league. Geography. The average annual precipitation is 934mm (37in). The Coca-Cola Company had originally established their German headquarters in Essen (around 1930), where it remained until 2003, when it was moved to the capital Berlin. The most notable witness of this Strukturwandel (structural change) is the Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, which had once been the largest of its kind in Europe. Essen is located in the centre of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe (see also: megalopolis), comprising eleven independent cities and four districts with some 5.3 million inhabitants. Coordinates: 51273N 7047E Logo of the city of Essen Essen ( German pronunciation: [sn] ( listen); Latin: Assindia) is the central and, after Dortmund, second-largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany. This article is about the states of modern Germany. In 2010 only three Kommunalverbnde besonderer Art exist. The lake Baldeney is part of the Ruhr. Other people like Otto von Bismarck and Paul von Hindenburg were honorary people in Essen. The sinister (heraldically left) escutcheon is one of the oldest emblems of Essen and shows a sword that people believed was used to behead the city's patron Saints Cosmas and Damian. Bundesland/(pl.) The two German states with the most tourism are in the south of Germany, #1 Bavaria and #2 Baden-Wuerttemberg. On the night of Kristallnacht on 10 November 1938, the synagogue was sacked, but remained through the whole war in the exterior almost intact. The current Mayor of Essen is Thomas Kufen of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who was elected in 2015 and re-elected in 2020. 1377 Essen became a free imperial city. The city is also home to the VV Humann Essen volleyball team. Finds from 3,000 BC and onwards are far more common, the most important one being a Megalithic tomb found in 1937. The municipalities are ruled by elected councils and by an executive, the mayor, who is chosen either by the council or directly by the people, depending on the state. Here is Zeche Zollverein. Without large mountains and the presence of inland seas, it ends up extending a predominantly marine climate is found in Essen, usually a little more extreme and drier in other continents in such geographical location. According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Essen with 9.2% of its area covered by recreational green is the greenest city in North Rhine-Westphalia[5] and the third-greenest city in Germany. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states, numbering more than 300 in around 1796. Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local body of nineteen members with limited authority. The Werden abbey stands here. urban aggl., 6,531,000. The administration of Essen had for a long time been in the hands of the princess-abbesses as heads of the Imperial Abbey of Essen. Four of the five southern German states (Bavaria, Wrttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt) entered military alliances with Prussia but Austria did not. Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Germany consists of 16 federal states, which you can see listed below. Too many Lnder also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated. Not all were rebuilt after WW2. mter ("offices" or "bureaus"): in some states, there is an administrative unit between the districts and the municipalities, called mter (singular Amt), Amtsgemeinden, Gemeindeverwaltungsverbnde, Landgemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden, Verwaltungsgemeinschaften, or Kirchspiellandgemeinden. The City of Bremen consists of two urban districts: Bremen and Bremerhaven, which are not contiguous. Soviet-controlled East Berlin despite officially having the same status as West Berlin was declared East Germany's capital and its 15th district. At the end of the 16th century, many coal mines had opened in Essen, and the city earned a name as a centre of the weapons industry. A part of the A 44, a highly segmented connection from Aachen and the Belgian border to Kassel, planned to go further into Central Germany, ends in Essens south. In Werden, St. Ludger founded Werden Abbey around 799, 45 years before St. Altfrid founded the later cornerstone of the modern city, Essen Abbey. Museums include the Museum Folkwang, featuring 19th- and 20th-century art, and the Ruhr Museum, with natural history, art, and cultural collections. The sale of properties in Essen is classified per square metre. Essen (German pronunciation: [sn] (listen); Low Franconian and Ripuarian: Esse, (Latin: Assindia) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. 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